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PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Academy of Natural Sciences
OF
PHILADELPHIA
Volume lix
1907
philadelphia : The Academy of Natural Sciences
LOGAN SQUARE 1907-1 90S
The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,
February 25, 1908.
I hereby certify that printed copies of the Pkoceedtngs for 1907 have been mailed as follows : —
Pages 1-113. mailed April '2, 1907.
113-128 ■' April 5, 1907.
129-148 " April 21,1907.
149-180 " May 28,1907.
181-244 " June 21, 1907.
245-308 " August IG, 1907.
309-388 ' October 2, 1907.
389-410 " November 8,1907.
417-432 " December 4,1907.
433-448 " January 17, 1908.
449-480 " January 27, 1908.
481-512 " February 5,1908.
513-57G " February 25,1908.
EDWARD J. NOLAN, M.D.,
llecordincj Secretary.
PUBLICATION committee:
Henry Skinner, M.D., Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D.
Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., Witmer Stone,
Edward J. Nolan, M.D. The President, Samuel G. Dixon, M.D., ex-of)icio. EDITOR: Edward J. Nolan, M.D.
n 1 1 "j
CONTENTS.
For Announcements, Reports, etc., see General Index.
PAGE
CoxKLiN, Edwix G., Ph.D. The Embryology of Fulgiir : A Study of the Influence of Volk Development (Plates XXIII- XXVIII), 320
Crawley, Hoavard. The Polycystitl Gregarines of the United
States (Thh-d Contribution) (Plate XVIII), .... 220
Dall, William Healey. On the Synonymic History of the •
Genera Clava Martyn, and Cerithium Bruguiere, . . 363
Fowler, Henry W. Notes on Serranida, 249
A Collection of Fishes from Victoria, Australia, .... 419 Notes on Lancelets and Lampreys, 461
Garrison, F. Lynwood, Notes on Minerals, 445
Gill, Theodore. Note on the Genus Kuhlia, 150
Gillette, C. P. Chermes of Colorado Conifers (Plates I-XI), . 3
Heath, Harold. A New Turbellarian from Hawaii (Plate XIV), 145
King, Helen Dean. Bertramia bufonis, a new Sporozoan Para- site of Bufolentiginosus (Plate XXII), 273
Montgomery, Thomas H., Jr. The Distribution of the North
American Gordiacea, with description of a New Species, 270
i\IooRE, J. Percy, Ph.D. Description of new Species of Spioni-
form Annelids (Plates XV, XVI), 195
Description of a New Species of Annelid from Wood's Hole, . 448
Nelson, James A., Ph.D. The Morphology of [Dinophilus con-
klinin.sp. (Plates XII, XIII), 82
Palmer, Clayton F. The Anatoni}'- of the Californian Haliotidte
(Plate XXX), . . . ._ 396
Pilsbry, II. A. Origin of the Tropical Forms of the Land Mol-
luscan Fauna of Southern Florida, 193
New and Little-known Whelks from Northern Japan and the
Kuril Islands (Plates XIX, XX), 243
Notes on some Pacific Cirripedes (Plate XXIX), . . . .• 360
iii
IV CONTENTS.
PAGE
Notes on the Cirripede Genus Megalasma (Plate XXXI) , 408
New Clausiliidai of the Japanese Empire — XI (Plate XXXII,
XXXIII, XXXIV), 499
Rehn, James A. G. Notes on Orthoptera from Southern Arizona,
with Descriptions of New Species, 24
Non-Saltatorial ami Acridoid Orthoptera from Sapucay,
Paraguay, 151
Orthoptera of the Families Tettigonidse and Gryllidse from
Sapucay, Paraguay o70
Rehn, James A. G., and Morgan Hebard. Orthoptera from
Northern Florida, 279
Smith, Burnett. Note on the Value of the Gastropod Apex as a
Means of Classification, 194
A Contribution to the Morphology of Pyrula ( Plate XVII), . 208 A New Species of Athleta, and a Note on the Morphology of
Athleta petrosa, 229
St©ne, Witmer. The Life- Areas of Southern New Jersey, . . 452 Surface, Frank M. The Early Development of a Polyclad,
Planocera inquilinaWh. (Plates XXXV-XL), ... 514 Vanatta, E. G. Notes on the Leaf-hairs of Lesquerella (Plate
XXI) 247
Van Duzee, E. P. Studies of North American Fulgoridse, . 467
Vaux, George, Jr., and William S. Observations made in 1907
on Glaciers in Alberta and British Columbia, . 560
PROCEEDINGS
ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES
PHILADEEPHIA.
1907.
January 15. Mr. Arthur Erwin Brown, Vice-President, in the Chair. Twenty-six persons present. The death of Edward Coles, a member, August, 1906, was announced.
The Council reported that the following Standing Committees had been appointed to serve during the ensuing year:
Finance. — John Cadwalader, Edwin S. Dixon, EfHngham B. Morris, Horatio C. Wood, M.D., and the Treasurer.
Publications. — Henry Skinner, M.D., Witmer Stone, Henr}^ A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., Philip P. Calvert, Ph.D., and Edward J. Nolan, M.D.
Library. — Dr. C. Newlin Peirce, Thomas Biddle, M.D., Benjamin Sharp, M.D., George Vaux, Jr., and Henry Tucker, M.D.
Instruction and Lectures. — Benjamin Smith Lyman, Henry A. Pilsbry, Sc.D., Charles Morris, Philip P. Calvert and Dr. C. Newlin Peirce.
Committee of Council on By-Laws. — Arthur Erwin Brown, Thomas H. Fenton, M.D., John Cadwalader and Charles B. Pen- rose, M.D.
2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.,
The President is, ex-ofjicio, a member of all Standing Committees.
Dr. Henry Leffman made a communication on diamonds and diamond mining in southern Africa. (No abstract.)
Edwin T. Simpson and ]\Iary W. James were elected members. The following was ordered to be printed :
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
CHERMES OF COLORADO CONIFERS. BY C. P. GILLETTE.
Genus Chcrmcs comprises a small number of species that have not received the attention which is their due in this country. As an economic group the}" are of little importance so far as their injuries to forest trees are concerned, but some of the species become decidedly- injurious to pines and spruces when used as shade trees in parks or private grounds.
The apterous females belonging to the genus are characterized by having broad oval bodies, very short three-jointed antennae, short stout legs, short stout beaks with very long setse, and a large number of glandular patches upon head, thorax and abdomen for the secretion of long waxen threads for protection. The winged females have short stout five-jointed antennae, very broad heads, suckers at the distal ends of the tibiae and strong anterior wings with two unbranched discoidal veins. Cornicles in both forms wanting.
The males, at least in the United States, are unknown. Reproduc- tion is always by means of eggs which are attached in clusters to leaves or bark by means of silken threads.
Chermes cooleyi n. sp. (Plates I, II, III, IV.)
Cher>}ics abietis L., Cooley, 34th Report Massachusetts Agricultural College,
1S97; Author's separata, p. 4. Chermes abietes L., Fletcher, Report of Entomologist and Botanist, Canada
Central Experimental Farm, p. 190. Chermes abietis L., Fletcher, ibid., 1903, p. 167. Chermes sibericus Chldky., Fletcher, ibid., 1903, p. 167.
Wliile I cannot be certain that the records by Dr. Fletcher given above refer to Chermes cooleyi, it is strongly probable that such is the case, as I have examined immature but fully formed galls that were kindly sent me from the Northwest by Dr. Fletcher, and also by Dr. Hopkins of the U. S. Bureau of Entomology, and they were in both instances large strong galls, exactly like the typical galls of Chermes cooleyi.
My studies of this species have been wholly in the West, and I have not seen either winged or wingless examples of the closely allied species abietis and sibericus. Dr. C. H. Fernald kindly sent me galls of abictis,^ however, from Massachusetts which seem quite unlike the galls of
4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.,
cooleyi. The galls of abietis involve a comparatively small number of needles causing very large cells, in one of which thirty to fifty or more lice may develop, and the beginning of the gall formation is said to be caused by the punctures of the stem-mother at or close to a bud. The galls, it seems, seldom kill the terminal growth of the twig, and the number of eggs deposited by the winged female is given as "never much exceeding fifty," and the females are spoken of as though their eggs are freely deposited upon leaves of the same species of spruce that bears their galls. All these conditions are quite different in case of Chermcs cooleyi, as may be seen by the account given below.
Chermes abietis is also described by Buckton and Cooley as having but one joint to the tarsus; but this is doubtless an error, as all the species I have studied have two joints, though the first is short and easily overlooked.
I sent specimens of both the galls and the lice of Chermes cooleyi to Dr. N. Cholodkowsk}^ of St. Petersburg, Russia, asking him if it were possible that this Western Chermes could be abietis or sibericus, and in his reply, written October 23, 1904, he said, "This is decidedly not Cherines abietis, nor is it Chermes sibericus, but a new species."
Life Habits. — The small hibernating form of this louse spends the fall and winter months upon the twigs of its host-plant, with its long setse thrust into the crevices in the bark between the needles. The heavy winter skin is cast at Fort Collins about the middle of April, and in a day or two the white secretion again shows the location of the louse, which is always upon the under side of the twig.
The first eggs are deposited at Fort Collins about April 25, before the female has attained her maximum size. On May 3, 1906, three of the fifteen females examined were laying eggs, and the largest niunber found at one female was twelve. The white waxy threads completely hide both the eggs and the female at first, and serve doubtless as a protection to them (Plate I, figs. A, B. C). These white patches from a single female may measure four or five millimeters across and cover several hundred eggs. Counts of a few patches gave the following numbers: One female, 344 unhatched, 75 hatched; another, 561 unhatched, 0 hatched; two females together, 751 unhatched, 200 hatched, an average of 483. I have frequently counted four or five of these egg-masses within two inches of the end of a twig, and I have counted as many as fifteen females ovipositing on this length of stem. About May 20, before the hibernating females had finished laying their eggs, those that were first deposited began to hatch, and by May 25 the lice were hatching rapidly and locating at the bases of the tender
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF rHILADELPHIA. 5
now loaves that woro just hojiinniii}!; to show at the terminal buds. I have been unable to see that the punctures of the stem-mothers have any effect to jiroduce the galls, which seems to be caused entirely by the irritation produced by the young lice inserting their beaks and sucking the sap at the bases of the young growing needles. In fact, only those needles enter into the formation of the gall that actually have lice located at their liases. It sometimes happens that only a few needles are attacked and these needles become swollen at their bases, while all the others on the new growth of the twig are normal ; and it is not infrequent that a few of tlie needles of the new growth fail to have any lice locate in their axils, and these needles remain normal in form on a gall where all others are greatly swollen. It seems pos- sible, however, that the jiuncture of the stem-mother may have some influop.co upon the formation of the gall, as I transferred hatching egg- masses in se\'eral instances to twigs where there was no egg-mass and in no case did a gall form or any of the lice live. I also transferred the eggs to tender new growths of red fir (Pscudofsuga mucronata) , but none of the young hatching from the eggs became established uj)on the changed food plant.
The galls (Pis. 1 and II) develop with surprising rapidity, and are due to the thickening and lateral enlargement of the bases of the needles together with the enlarging of the stem. In color, the growing galls vary from light green to a dark purple. They are always terminal in position and kill the end of the twig, except when the lice attack the bases of a few needles only on one side of the new growth, leaving the others, including those at the end, to develop normally, and such galls are quite uncommon.
The size of the gall depends upon the vigor of the tree and the num- ber of lice that are at hand to attack the new leaves. A weak growing twig cannot develop a large gall. A'igorous growing young silver spruces {Picea pmryana) on the campus of the Colorado Agricultural College often develop galls that are If to 2 inches in length and h to f of an inch in thickness inside of the needles. Average galls have from 75 to 150 chambers and consequently a like number of needles, with from 1 to 10 or 12 lice to a chamber. Air. Charles Jones counted the needles upon three large galls for me which ran as follows: 125, 170 and 215, an average of 170 needles to a gall. At the base there was an average of about 12, at the middle about 8 and near the tip about 5 young lice to a chamber. The largest number found in one cavity was 32.
Mr. George Weldon reareil and counted the lice from five large-sized galls for me and they ran as follows : 463, 602, 750, 894, and 096.
6 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.,
The lice within the galls are light red in color, and their bodies are more or less covered with the white waxy secretion which occurs both in the form of a powder and as threads. It might seem that there would be no need of this secretion as a protection in the galls, but it is of the greatest importance here as the lice give off a large amount of liquid excretion, which would drown them if it was not prevented from touching their bodies by their covering which is not wet by the excre- tion. The cast skins also come into service here. Prof. Cooley has called attention to the fact that the lice within the galls of Chermes abietis retain their cast skins for a time, fastened to the posterior end of the body. If one of the galls is broken open when nearly mature, the cast skins may be seen filled as full as they can hold with the liquid excretions. Thc,y may be shaken out in the hand and examined, but are easily broken. Thej^ appear like plump white models (ghosts) of the lice that shed them.
About the 1st of July at Fort Collins the lice begin to transform to pupse, and a few days later the most advanced galls begin to open. The earliest gall found with lice escaping in 1906 was taken by Mr. L. C. Bragg, July 3, on a tree exposed to the open sun on the south side of a building. On Juh' 16, trees most exposed to the sun and not very thrifty had matured nearly all their galls and most of the lice had escaped. Large, more thrifty trees, and especially those that were shaded much of the time, still had most of their galls closed, and par- ticularly upon branches near the ground. Galls broken open at this time expose the pupte, which seem to pack every chamber full, and all their heads point outward from the centre toward the place of exit, ready to escape once more into the light of day as soon as the opening is made large enough. The pupce cling to nearby leaves, usually those of the gall, and shed their skins. During the few hours that the lice stay upon the leaves the little white patches of cottony secretion begin to show like masses of mycelial threads of a fungus.
After a few hours of resting upon the galls the winged lice all leave and go, so far as I have been able to trace them, to the red fir {Pseudo- tsuga mucronata), where they settle upon the leaves, insert their beaks, and begin almost immediately to lay eggs, which accumulate in large piles beneath their wings. Each egg is anchored by a short silken thread attached to one end. The threads vary in length from those that are shorter than an egg to those that are more than twice that length. The threads also cling to the eggs and to one another after they are loosened from the leaf, so it is very difficult to separate them out from the"general cluster (see PI. IV, figs. B and D). The white
1907.] NATURAL SCIEN'CES OF PHILADELPHIA. 7
wax threads from the head, thorax and sides of the abdomen also grow very rapidly, so that, with the aid of the wings, both louse and eggs are almost completely hidden in two or three days. Egg laying proceeds very rajiidly. From numerous counts made by the writer, and others made for me by Mr. G. P. Weldon, I extract the following: Seven large egg clusters, selected July 16 and 18, 1904, ran as follows in numbers of eggs: 96, 111, 127, 133, 136, 151, 155, an average of approximately 150. Seven medium egg clusters from leaves of red fir, where the lice had been located but 48 hours, gave counts as follows : 63. 66, 70, 74, 75, 88, and 104. Seven selected large egg clusters, where lice had been located only 48 hours, ran as follows: 90, 111, 126, 131, 133 and 150. ^Vhen we consider the large size of these eggs as com- pared with the females that lay them, it seems to me this is a develop- ment of reproductive tissue that is simply marvelous. These winged lice seem never to change their location after they have once inserted their beaks and begun to lay eggs.
Occasionally one of these lice can be found feeding and laying eggs upon leaves of the blue (silver) spruce, but it is quite rare. By enclos- ing thousands of the lice in paper sacks upon twigs of this tree, I got enough to locate and lay eggs so as to get a few counts. The lice did not seem to be thrifty, however, and the number of eggs laid was smaller. Four lice located 48 hours on blue spruce deposited 16, 17, 19, and 36 eggs respectively. Seven of the largest patches where the lice had been settled 72 hours ran in numbers as follows: 33, 50, 53, 55, 74, 84, and 96; an average of about 64, or less than half the average number in large egg clusters upon red fir. On July 20, 1906, it required careful search to find one of these lice located upon blue spruce, w'hile the red firs near them had one or more of the lice on nearh' ever}' leaf, and many leaves were loaded with five or six of them (PI. II, fig. Ci and D).
Lice continue to emerge from the galls till about July 25, and all apparently are females.
The eggs laid by these winged females hatch in from six to seven days. Eggs laid July 12 began hatching July IS, and were all hatched on the 19th. The lice from these eggs are yellow at first, but soon become nearly black in color fringed with short wax threads similar to variety coweni (PI. Yl, figs. A, A^). Many of the lice hatching at this time remain beneath the dead bodies of the winged females, which die soon after the eggs are laid, but most of them scatter about over the leaves and come to rest chiefl}' upon the older leaves near the bases of the small twigs. Here they insert their set* and remain till spring
8 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.,
without growing perceptibly in size. These develop into stem-mothers upon the red fir the following spring and are probably the chief, but not the only, cause of the form described below as coiceni occurring upon the red fir. It is also strongly probable that the stem-mothers for the two summer broods of Chermes cooleyi come in a similar manner from the winged females of variety coiceni of the red fir that SAvarm upon the blue spruce in May, as described in my mention of the life history of that form below, though it is possible that the few females of cooleyi settling upon the blue spruce also give rise to stem-mothers the follow- ing spring, though in my attempts to follow these lice through the fall they have always perished. This brood of eggs laid by the winged females are practically all hatched by the end of July at Fort Collins.
Host Plants and Habitat. — I have found this species occurring in Colorado at Fort Collins, Greeley, Loveland, Boulder, Denver, Colo- rado Springs, Palmer Lake, Estes Park, and up Long's Peak and Pike's Peak to timber line. l\\ the lower altitudes (from 4,000 to 8,000 feet) I have observed this gall chiefly upon blue spruce, but from 8,000 feet to timber line I have noticed it chiefly upon Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmanni). On August 15, 1903, I noted this gall as being very abundant on Engelmann spruce along the trail from Mill's Ranch to timber line on Long's Peak, and I have received the galls from the same locality sent by ]\Ir. Enos Mills. The galls occm- in small numbers to the limit of timber, but they become specially abundant three or four hmidred feet lower down. The galls at timber line on August 15 were still closed, but a few hundred feet lower the lice were emerging. I have also received galls from the Sitcha spruce from the mountains of western Canada, sent me by Dr. James Fletcher, that seem undoubtedly to be of this species. This Chermes is surely a native of the Rocky Mountain region and, so far as I know, occurs only upon the trees mentioned. I find the galls most numerous in parks or lawns where the blue spruce and red fir are clustered together.
Stem-mother. — The stem-mother, in winter or early spring, is a grayish appearing object, about .6 mm. long b}" .3 mm. wide. The body of the louse is almost black, and the dark color shows through the white secretion which radiates in short stout threads about the margins of the bod}^ and rises in a crest down the median line of the back (PI. Ill, fig. A). These hibernating lice are removed with some difficulty on account of the long setse which are inserted deeply into the bark. After shedding the heavy winter coat the louse appears dark green in color, being lighter beneath and towards the posterior end of the abdomen, and becomes rusty brown later.
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF rUlLADELI'HIA. 9
Adult Apterous Female (PI. Ill, figs. B. C).— Fully grown examples measure 1 to 1.5 mm. in length by .8 to 1.2 mm. in width. The color is a dark rusty brown, and the entire dorsal surface is mottled with dark spots, representing the wax glands which occur upon all segments but the last. The arrangement of these glands is about as follows : On the head, nearly a continuous line of the gland pores on anterior margin, and two patches on a side near the hind margin; on the segments of the thorax and abdomen there are three glands on a side, but segments 5 to 8 of the abdomen have the patches more or less united, especially in the dorsal rows. The other glands of the dorsum have pores quite uniform in size and rather small (compare with var. coweni, PI. VI, fig. B). On the ventral surface there is a pair of small patches upon the head caudad to the bases of the antennae, and another pair of about the same size just in front of the middle coxse. The antennse (PL III, fig. F) are very small, about as long as the femora of the front pair of legs, or .14 mm., first and second joints short and stout and of about equal lengths, third nearly cylindrical and nearly twice as long as joints one and two combined, and with tw^o tactile hairs at the tip. Legs (PL III, fig. G) short, rather weak, tarsi two-jointed, the basal one very short and appearing as a short piece on the under side.
Eggs. — The eggs are light amber yellow at fiirst covered with a white powder. They are attached each by a silken thread and the whole mass clings together, so that it is difficult to separate a few from the general mass (PL I, fig. C). Before hatching, the eggs darken some and the eyes of the embryo show- plainly through the shell as two dark spots. Length, .3 mm., width .17 mm. ; good average size of egg-cluster, 2 mm.
Pupa. — The pupse, when they first leave the galls, are of a uniform rusty brow'n color throughout, lightly dusted with a white powder. On leaving the gall, they walk out upon the leaves, come to rest, and in a short time the pupal skin splits over the head and thorax, and in a few minutes more the adult emerges. At first it is shining rufous in appear- ance with the wings deep green, which color is quite marked for some time after the wings are fully unfolded. This process takes about ten minutes. The costal nerve is light yellow from the first.
Winged Female (Pis. II, IV and XI). — The winged female is bright shining rufous at first, but by the time the wings are spread the eyes are black, and a few hours later the head and mesothorax are black also. The other portions gradually become darker, the abdomen retaining the rusty color longest. In about an hour after the pupal skin is shed the white secretion begins to show^ over the wax glands
10 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.,
and the louse soon flies away. The size varies much, the usual range being between 1.5 and 2 mm. in length. The ivi7igs are a little smoky with a large stigma that is slightly green and the costal nerve is yellow. The fore wing in a medium large louse is about 2.5 mm. long, or about 1.6 times the length of the body, with two simple discoidal veins, and one stigmal. Hind wing with one discoidal vein, length of the hind wing about equalling the length of the body. AntenncB dusky, five- jointed, about three-fourths as long as the greatest transverse diameter of the head. Joints 1 and 2 short, stout, cylindrical and about equal in length; joint 1 rather smooth, but the remaining ones with impressed transverse lines or wrinkles. Joints 3 to 5 subequal in length, with joint 3 usually a little stouter and more conical; joints 4 and 5 rather slender, not especially enlarged at distal end, nor swollen for the transverse sensoria, of which there is one to each of the three terminal joints; fifth joint with two short hairs at distal end. The arrangement of glands is shown in PI. IV, fig. A, and is about as follows : On the head two large transverse patches on anterior margin nearly coalescing, and a long narrow patch extending across the hind margin which may be divided at the median line; on the prothorax a long narrow patch occupying the entire lateral margin upon either side, and two long narrow patches along the hind margin nearly meeting at the middle line, and nearly or quite meeting the posterior ends of the lateral patches that are usually reflected mesad a short distance along the hind margin of the segment ; mesothorax with two small patches mesally located near the hind margin, in line with the two middle rows of glands upon the metathorax and abdomen; metathorax with the middle pair of glands only; abdomen with three rows of glands on either side over the first seven segments, except that the middle row is lacking on segments one and two. The lateral rows have the larger patches, and these rows are continued upon the eighth segment; the glands of the middle rows are smallest, and all the four dorsal rows become smaller as they recede from the thorax. The number of gland patches is not constant and the weaker ones are often wanting, and the larger ones sometimes coalesce. Chermes cooleyi var. coweni n. v.
Tills louse has been injuriously abundant on small trees of red fir in lawns and parks of northeastern Colorado for a number of years. I first observed it on trees standing upon the campus of the Colorado State Agricultural College, where it has been abundant for ten years past at least. A brief description of the winged female was given in Bulletin 31, p. 115, of the Colorado Experiment Station, by Mr. J. H.
1007.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. U
Cowcii. 1 hav(> also nu'iitioned this louse on p. 17 (tf the 1901 report of the same station. This form varies enough from cooleiji to be con- sidered a distinct species; but as these two seem to owe their differences to an alternation of food })lants, I have thou.cht best to con-idcr the foi-ni upon red lir a variety of coolciji.
Life History. — The winter is spent as minute black lice, each being surrounded with a halo of white waxy threads and resting upon the upper surface of a leaf. They often occur in a line along the median groove. A few warm days al^out the last week in March or the first week in April cause the lice to grow, excrete drops of nectar, and burst the old larval skin. This first spring moult takes place at Fort Collins al^out April 1st. The hibernating form is shown on Pis. V and \I, figs. A and A^ As soon as the old skin has been cast, little patches of white secretion begin to appear along the dorsal surface, and in a few days more the entire body will be hidden by long curled threads of this material. About the 20th of April egg-laying begins, though not all of the lice develop together, and the time of the first egg-laying varies with the earliness of the season. From twenty-fi^•e to forty light yellow eggs are laid by each louse, and these hatch freely just as the new leaves begin to open at the ends of the twigs, and nearly all are hatched by the last of iMay. The lice migrate on to the new growths, insert their setse into the tender leaves and begin to feed and grow, and apparently they never change their location afterwards. This first brood from eggs for the year is dimorphic, in that about one-half remain wingless like the preceding generation, while the other half develop wings. The adults of the alate form appear about June 10; the wingless ones lay eggs like their predecessors, and the young hatching from them, for the most part, insert their setse in the leaves, take on a dark color, secrete a little of the white waxy material about themselves and upon their backs, and so remain until the following spring before growing perceptibly in size, and then become stem-mothers; but those that acquire wings all leave the red fir and, so far as I have been able to trace them, settle upon the leaves of the blue spruce {Picea parrycma), though it is prob- able that they do settle on Engelmann spruce as well. Some of the apterous females continue to develop and lay eggs, especially in shady places and upon tender new leaves, until late in July or even longer; but for the most part development closes with the young hatching from the second brood of eggs for the year, making two full broods annually besides the partial broods.
The winged examples that migrate to the blue spruce settle upon the needles, secrete a large mass of cottony threads, deposit a patch
12 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.^
of 30 to 40 eggs beneath their wings and die. The eggs hatch in about a week and the young remain on the leaves without developing until spring, as in case of most of the young from the second brood of eggs by the apterous individuals.
When abundant, early in the summer, the little snowy white patches concealing the apterous females and their young are so numerous as to attract attention to the foliage (PI. V, figs. B, C and D). Wlien the first brood from eggs for the year hatch and settle upon the new leaves, the latter often become crooked and disorted in shape and yellow in color (PI. V, fig. C). I do not think I have ever seen a tree killed by this louse., but they are often made to look v.ery unthrifty and sickly in color of foliage.
Hibernating Female. — The hibernating female, or stem-mother, grows very little if at all, after hatching from the egg the previous June or July, until the warm days of spring. The color, which seems black, is reall}^ a very dark green and the body is fringed all round with short white threads of waxy secretion, and down the middle of the back there is often a crest of the same threads, though these are not always present, and the entire dorsal surface is finely dusted with wax particles that glisten with a silvery white light. The setse are considerably longer than the bod}^ and are inserted in the leaves, through the fall and winter (PI. VI, figs. A and A^). The length before spring develop- ment varies little from .4 of a millimeter. The antenna is three- jointed and little exceeds a front tibise in length, first and second joints short and stout and about equal in length, and the third joint fully one-half longer than joints 1 and 2 together, and quite scabrous in appearance due to transverse impressed lines, and with about four hairs at the tip. About the middle of April the liquid excretion is being given off freely, and the waxy secretions now begin to show plainly as transverse roAvs of white spots across the dorsal surface (PI. V, figs. A. A.). When the winter skin is shed, the louse changes to a rusty brown color, darker towards the head. Adult specimens measure from .8 to 1.2 millimeters in length and from .6 to .9 mm. in greatest breadth. The antenna is still short, three-jointed, the third joint rather longer than joints 1 and 2 combined, and the whole length about .09 mm. (PI. VI, fig. E).
The icax glands are arranged about as in cooleyi, but the pores are larger and fewer in number, at least for the glands anterior to the fourth abdominal segment (PI. VI, figs. B and C). On the head there are three gland patches on either side, and then there are three rows on a side over the succeeding body segments to the sixth abdominal ; on
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 13
the seventh the median glands unite, reducing the number to five, and upon the eighth segment but three occur. A pair of rather large glands occur between the antenna below, and there is a small one on either side in front of the middle coxa?. The rostrum is short and stout, with joints 1 and 2 subequal in length.
Pupa (PI. M, fig. F).— Length, .7 to 1 mm. Color light to a dull reddish brown, Ijecoming darker as the time for moulting approaches. From the front of the head are two short, broad, outwardly curved pencils of white secretion, one on either side of the median line. The body is also more or less whitened by a covering of fine white powder, but there are no Jong waxy filaments; head, thorax and wing pads a little darker than the remainder of the body. Dark spots marking the presence of developing wax glands may be seen as follows: Upon the front of the head two large ones, and back of these two others of smaller size close to the hind margin; on the prothorax a very large lateral gland upon either side, and mesad of each of these four small ones; mesothorax with one lateral and one submedian spot on either side, both small; metathorax with three spots on each side in a line near the hind margin. On the abdomen there are six longitudinal rows extend- ing over the first five segments, and the lateral rows over two or three segments more.
Winged Female (PI. VII, fig. A). — Length, commonly .7 to 1.2 mm. Color reddish brown with head and thorax black or blackish, legs and antenna? a little dusky. Anterior wings 1.4 to 1.8 mm. in length, slightly smoky, venation normal; posterior wings without transverse nervure. After locating upon the blue spruces the body soon becomes nearly buried in a mass of wliite waxy threads, as in the case of cooleyi. Antenna nearly as long as the greatest width of the head (about .25 mm.), joints 1 and 2 short and subequal, joints 3 and 4 also subequal with the fourth a trifle the longer, fifth joint slighth^ longer than the fourth, joints 3, 4 and 5 deeply transversely marked with impressed lines and much enlarged toward the distal ends, and each with a transverse sensorium of moderate size, all the joints robust (PI. VII, fig. B). Legs dusky brown and rather stout. Glands arranged about as follows : a large one on the front of the head on either side at the base of the antenna, and on the posterior margin of the head, close to the median line, another pair of smaller glands; on the prothorax, a large gland patch on the posterior lateral margin that extends a short distance along the hind margin, and a smaller patch on the hind margin near the median line upon either side. Upon the mesathorax, one pair of large submedian glands, and upon the
14 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.,
abdomen there are three longitudinal rows upon either side, the middle row being quite small and occurring only upon segments 2 to 6. The inner rows occur upon segments 1 to 6, and the lateral rows upon segments 1 to 8. In a large series considerable variation will be found in the number of these glands, as some of the smaller patches often are wanting. I have found this form developing on the red jfir only.
The distinguishing characters are the short stout beak, the small size and large pores of the dorsal glands, and the large size of the gland patches between the antennse in the apterous form and the robust antenna and small sensoria of the winged form. Chermes montanus n. sp.
On July 20, 1906, Mr. Harley F. Wilson collected galls of what seems undoubtedly to be a new species of Chermes at Victor, Colorado, at an altitude of about 9,000 feet. The inmates had already left some of the galls and from others they were just emerging. The writer visited the locality August 5 following, to determine what spruces these galls occur upon, and found them upon blue spruce only. On the same trees with them were old and new galls of Chermes cooleiji.
The galls (PI. YII, fig. C) are cone-shaped, from three-fourths to more than one inch in length, and are a modified development of the new growth at the tip of a twig. Each needle, instead of thickening as in case of the galls of cooleyi, broadens in the middle and becomes concave on the inner or axillary surface. The broadened portion may include nearly the entire needle at the base of the gall, but towards the tip the broadened part extends a less distance from the base. The stem from which the needles arise is little if any swollen. The lice cause the death of the end of the twig, and as the tissue dies and begins to dry the modified leaves open so that the lice readily escape. Because of the loose structure of these galls Syrphus larvse prey freely upon the lice.
Pupa. — The pupse seem darker in color than those of cooleyi, but othei'wise I cannot see that they are specially different.
Winged Adult. — When the pupal skin is first cast, the wing pads are yellow in color instead of green as in cooleyi, and the costal and sub- costal nerves retain the same color after the wings unfold. The length of the body varies between 1.5 and 2.2 millimeters. The color is a reddish brown, abdomen rust brown, antennae and legs dusky, wings normal, hind wings with one cross vein, and slightly smoky. Antennse (PI. XI, fig. A) five-jointed, joints rather stout and somewhat more enlarged at distal ends than in cooleyi, the striations
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF Pill I.ADELPIll A. 15
uj^on joints 3 to 5 quite stroufjly ciirvod, especially on joints 4 and 5, tiie convexity being towards the distal ends of the joints. Joints 1 and 2 short, stout, cylindrical; joint 3 a little longer than 4, and joint 5 a little longer than 3 ; joints 3 to 5 each with a very large sensoriuni ; on joint 3 it extends fully one-third the length of the joint along the ventral side, in joints 4 and 5 the sensoria extend fully one-half the length of the joints; there are almost no hairs except for a cluster of four or five at the tip of the last segment. The antennal characters alone easily separate this species from all others mentioned in this paper. The legs are as distinctive as the antennae, being much stouter than those of any other species I have studied (PI. XI, fig. B).
The wax glands that are so conspicuous in cleared specimens of other species of Chermcs are absent or faintly distinguished in the winged females of this species. The galls of this species are very distinct from those of any other Chermes known to me.
Eggs, young, antl wingless females of this species have not been studied.
Chermes similis n. sp. (Plate VII. figs. D, D', E, E'.)
On the visit to Victor, Colorado, August 5, I collected from trees bearing galls of Chermes cooleyi another gall very similar in appear- ance. Winged lice were issuing from them, as they were also from galls of cooleyi.
Galls. — The galls I collected were rather short and thick for those of cooleyi; they were in every case terminal upon the twigs, and they are produced by the broadening and thickening of the basal portion of the needles, but not at the extreme base as in cooleyi, see PI. VII, figs. D and E. At the point of attachment the needle is about normal in size, but an abrupt thickening and broadening takes place about three or four millimeters from the twig. Each needle is separate from its neighbors, however, and may be removed without the tearing of any tissue except a small spot about one millimeter across at the point of attachment, so that in place of a number of separate chambers, as in the galls of cooleyi, the lice live in open spaces which pass into one another about the bases of the needles. The casual observer would not be likely to notice any difference between this gall and that of Chermes cooleyi.
The pupse, as in cooleyi, are quite heavily covered with white powder when ready to emerge.
Apterous females and their egg-clusters were also found in some of the galls, but there was no way to make certain that they were of the same species.
The looseness of structure in the galls allowed the attacks of Syrphus larvae which were very common.
16 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.,
Winged Female. — Color as in cooleyi; length from 1.3 to 2 millimeters ; wings a little smoky, especially along the veins; venation normal, one transverse vein in hind wing very distinct. Wax glands of abdomen are arranged as follows : The lateral rows with well-developed glands on the first six segments ; the two dorsal rows well developed on segments 1 to 6; the middle row on either side begins on segment 3 and ends upon segment 6. The antenna in this species is very similar to that of montanus. Segments 1 and 2 are short and cylindrical, seg- ments 3, 4 and 5 are in the proportion of 22, 26, and 25 respectively, segments 3, 4 and 5 are provided each with a very large sensorium similar to those fovmd upon the antenna of montanus. The transverse striations upon the segments run in nearly straight transverse lines instead of curved lines, as in the case of montanus. This species is easily separated from montanus by the presence of well-developed wax glands upon the abdomen, and the more slender legs.
I supplied the breeding cage where this louse was emerging with fresh twigs of red fir and blue spruce. The lice began at once to locate upon the needles of the blue spruce and to lay eggs rapidly, but none located upon the needles of the red fir.
The galls were all taken from blue spruce trees and were considerably less numerous than those of Chermcs cooleyi. Altitude 9,000 feet.
Chermes coloradensis n. sp. (Plates VIII, IX and X.)
This species was first noticed by the writer upon the needles of Bull or yellow pine {Pinus scopidorum) growing upon the campus of the Colorado State Agricultural College in the spring of 1897. Its presence has been noticed in some numbers every year since. Some years the needles and the new growths have been fairly whitened with its cottony secretions during late spring and summer (see PI. VIII), while in other years the lice have barely been able to survive in small numbers, as their insect enemies are many and active. The writer figured this louse upon pine needles in Plate I of Fourteenth Annual Repori of the Colo. Agr. Exp. Station, 1901.
Habitat and Host Plants. — I have found this louse common upon Bull pines occurring upon the foothills of northeastern Colorado and in the city parks of Colorado Springs and Denver. In 1905 I found it com- mon upon this pine in the vicinity of Palmer Lake. During the last week of June,. 1906, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell sent me infested pine needles from Florissant, Colorado, that were taken at an altitude of 8,000 feet, and I have on several occasions taken what seems to be the same species upon Lodge Pole pine {Pinus murrayana) growing upon
1007.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELrHIA. 17
the oanipiis of the Colorado A<:ri(niltural ("olle<ic at Fort Collins. Dmiiiii Juno of 11H)5 and of 190G 1 also took apterous females with their ofiji-masses from leaves and yoim"; cones of Pinon pine (Pinits cflulis) at Salida. Colorado, at an elevation of O.OOO feet, which seem to be of this species.
In some instances the lice have been abundant enough to stunt and weaken small trees, but I can hardly consider this insect a serious pest u]i(ni the })ines at the present time, except as it freqeuntly mars the appearance of the foliage of small trees in jiarks and aliout private residences.
Life History. — There seems to be no small hibernating form of this louse, as of the spruce-infesting species mentioned in this paper. Wing- less lice in various stages of development pass the winter down among the flower buds, between the needles near their bases, or in other protected places. Examples taken February 27 ranged between .4 and .8 mm. in length. I have found the hibernating lice in consider- able numbers spending the winter beneath the scales of Chionaspis pinifolicv. This habit of spending the winter in varying stages of development and in more protected places probably accounts for this species getting the start of others in its development in the spring. At Fort Collins, the little white patches of secretion begin to show about the first week of April among the buds and between the needles (see PI. YIII, fig. A), and by about the 10th of the month the first spring eggs are being laid. By the 5th of May it is common to find from 20 to 40 eggs to a female and the first young hatching. About one-half of the lice from this brood of eggs become winged, and the other half remain wingless and go on producing other generations of w'ingless lice and eggs until fall, a habit similar to var. coweni on red fir. The winged individuals all seem to be females and all leave the pines, but I have not been able to trace them to their alternate food plant, which I presume to be one of the spruces. The w'inged form begins leaving the trees about May 20, at which time the first brood of wingless females from eggs for the year are beginning to deposit eggs for another genera- tion of apterous individuals, which begin to deposit their eggs about June 10. The wdnged form continues to appear for about ten days. I have seen the apterous females and their eggs in all stages of develop- ment from April 9 to October 22, but the number of generations that the lice pass through in a year I have not determined.
The number of eggs laid by a single individual is not large, about 30 or 40, but the precise number is tlifficult to obtain as the first eggs laid hatch before the last from the same females are deposited. All are 2
18 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.,
attached by threads to the surface upon which the female rests, I have had a female lay 9 eggs in 24 hours.
The individuals of the first brood that are to become winged secrete a conspicuous fringe of white wax threads about the borders of the head and prothorax in the pupa stage (PI. IX, fig. D), which, with the longer antenna*, readily separate them from the apterous form.
Apterous Female (Pis. IX and X). — The length of laying individuals varies between .5 and 1.2 mm,; the color is a rusty brown, rather light over the abdomen and darker upon thorax and head where the color may be a slaty brown. The antennae are minute, about .06 mm, long, three-jointed, joints 1 and 2 short and cylindrical and about equal in length, joint 3 distinctly longer than joints 1 or 2. Legs small and weak, femora about twice as long as thick, tibiae equaling femora in length, tarsus two-jointed, the first joint appearing as a wedge-shaped piece wnth the broad end below ; three clear spots upon either side of the head in the position for compound eyes which may function as ocelli. The ivax glands (PI. IX, figs. A. B, C) upon the dorsum of the adult seem quite constant and are arranged about as follows : Upon the head and prothorax, which are so united as to appear as one piece, there are, upon either side of the median line, a longi- tudinal row of four glands and outside of these another row of three, and still outside of these, and located near the posterior lateral angles of the prothorax, are three more small gland areas. The mesothorax has one transverse row of from eight to ten of these glands ; the metathorax and first abdominal segment each have a transverse row of eight, but those upon the abdominal segments are small over the middle dorsal portion and may be largely missing; the second abdominal segment lacks two or four of the middle glands, leaving a row of four or six, and segments 3 and 4 usually have but four glands each, one upon the lateral margin and one near it a little mesad, and the glands upon the lateral margins are continued upon two or three succeeding seg- ments. Upon the ventral surface there is a small gland near the base ■of each antenna and one (which may be separated into two parts) in front of each coxa. The marginal gland patches show upon the ventral as well as upon the dorsal surface, and in some specimens small glands may be detected upon the abdominal segments just inside the spiracles (PL IX, fig. B).
The eggs are light yellow in color and are entirely hidden from view by the long wax threads secreted chiefly from the head and thorax of the female; they vary little from .32 mm. long by .17 mm, in width, and each egg is anchored from one end by a short thread. As the eggs
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 19
advance in ajjc they become darker in color and exliibit two dark eye- spots of the developing embryo.
Pupa (PI. IX, fig. D). — Length varying but little from 1 mm. Color of abdomen a light rusty brown, head and thorax l)lackish, wing pads and legs dusky brown. As the time for moulting approaches a heavy fringe of short stout wax threads or scales develop about the margins of the head and prothorax and along the median dorsal line of the cephalo- thoracic plate, and about six small glands on either side of the cephalo- thoracic region push out long slender dividing threads of the same material. Near the time for moulting the body becomes covered with a white powder and the wax glands posterior to the prothorax are indicated by little w'hite spots of secretion, but no threads are devel- oped. The lateral rows of glands may be traced upon the abdomen to about the sixth segment, while the middle rows upon the dorsum usuall)^ end upon the second or third segment.
Winged Female (PI. X, figs. A and B). — Color a rusty brown through- out just after shedding the pupal skin, but the head and thorax soon become nearly black in color. A measurement of thirteen examples gave lengths varying between .85 and 1.15 mm., the variation being due chiefly to the different lengths of the abdomen, as in some it was fully extended and in others the terminal segments were contracted. The wings are a little smoky in appearance, due to a great number of curved black dashes that are rather closely set over the entire surface. The wings vary little in length, the anterior pair measuring but little either side of 1.5 mm.; venation normal for this genus, the subcostal nerve strong and, with its large lanceolate stigma, smoky brown in color. There are two simple transverse nervures and the stigmal nerve is long and nearly straight, ending in the center of the apex of the wing.
The posterior wings are lanceolate in form, a little more than one- half the length of the front wings (ratio 1 to 1.7), and have two or three chitinous hooks on the costal margin. The transverse nerve is wanting (see PI. X, fig. A).
Antenna dusky brown, five-jointed and .26 mm. in length; the terminal joint is slightly the longest (.067 mm.), joints 3 and 4 subequal (.06 mm.), the first and second joints short and cjdindrical and of about the same diameter as the others; joints 3, 4 and 5 fusiform and imbricated; the distal ends of 3 and 4 trun- cated, but the fifth joint tapering gradually to the apex. Joints 3, 4 and 5 have each a large oval sensorium on the ventral side. There are about five hairs at the apex of the terminal segment and a
20 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.,
very few scattering ones on the other joints. Ocelli three in number,, one just above each compound eye, and one median in position upon the front above the insertion of the antennae.
Legs dusky brown, tarsi two-jointed, the basal joint very short, tibise with prominent sucker at distal end, the use of which is readily seen by allowing one of the winged lice to walk over a glass slip under a microscope.
The ivax glands are fewer in number over the head and thorax than in the apterous form; on the anterior margin are two that occupy nearly the whole distance from eye to eye, and there are two similar patches on the hind margin; there is also a long narrow patch upon either side along the hind margin, and in front of either of these is another very small patch. On the mesothorax occur the usual two patches near the median line next to the scutum, and upon the meta- thorax two large patches in line with the two inner rows upon the abdomen. Over the abdomen there are three longitudinal rows upon either side extending over about six segments. The patches are largest in the marginal and the middle rows, and the latter sometimes coalesce on the proximal segments. For arrangement of the glands see Plate X, fig. A.
Young Louse. — When first hatched the young are pale yellow in color and about one-third millimeter in length. The eyes are dark, the antenna 'three- jointed and about two-sevenths the length of the body, the third joint about one-third longer than joints 1 and 2 together, and the first two joints are subequal in length. Each tarsus has two glandular hairs. The young of this species can hardly be distinguished from the young of cooleyi shown at Plate III, fig. E. Chermes pinicorticis Fitch.
I have found this species abundant upon a few trees of Pinus syl- vestris in City Park, Denver, but have seen it nowhere else in Colorado. The cottony covered apterous females were numerous enough upon the smaller limbs of the trees to give them a distinctly whitened mouldy appearance. An excellent paper upon this species, containing a bibliography by Mr. E. L. Storment, was published in the Appendix to the Twentieth Report of the State Entomologist of Illinois.
Natural Enemies. — Most of the common plant louse enemies attack genus Chermes, but I have never found one of these lice attacked by internal parasites. Chrysopa species seem to attack them very little, but Syrphus and Coccinellid larva? are great destroyers of these lice when exposed upon the surface of plants, the cottony secretion being apparently no hindrance. I have never found Chermes cooleyi dis-
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 21
turbccl witliiu the gall chambers, but Syrphus larva? at least attack Chcrmes similis and Chermes montanus before they escape from then- galls. The most destructive enemies of the Chermes that infest red fir and pine in the neighborhood of Fort Collins is the 3'ello\v and black lady-beetle, Hamionia picta, shown in Plate XI, figs. D, E. F.
I wish especially to express my obligations to Miss Miriam A. Palmer for her accurate and painstaking work in the preparation of the pen drawings illustrating this paper.
If in any case the measurements as given in the plates do not full}'^ correspond with measurements as given in the text, the latter is to be -taken as correct.
Explanation of Plates I-XI.
Plate I. — Chermes coole>/i, new species. — A, twig of blue spruce showing three egg masses, natural size ; B and C, egg masses with waxy secretion removed, X 8 times; D, two galls on a twig cut to show interior cavities, X 3- (Photos by author.)
Plate II. — Chermes cooleyi, new species. — A, two full-grown galls, natural size; B, needles from iuil-grown galls showing enlarged bases; C, winged female, beneath and at right of D winged female, ovipositing upon leaves of red fir; D, an egg mass with female removed; E, gall cut to show that each gall chamber has a complete wall shutting it off from all other chambers. Figures of Uce much enlarged. (Photos bj- author.)
Plate III. — Chermes cooleyi, new species. — A, hibernating stem-mother in winter, X 85 times ; B and C, adult stem-mothers, dorsal and ventral views show- ing wax glands, etc., X 6.5 diameters; D, eggs attached by threads, X 20 diameters; E, young from first brood of eggs, X 12.5 diameters; F, antenna of adult, X 240 diameters; G, leg of adult, X 120 diameters; H, normal leaf, and I, leaves from gall, all enlarged three times. (Miriam A. Palmer, artist.)
Plate IV. — Chermes cooleyi, new species. — A, winged female, X 26 diameters, showing wax glands of dorsal surface; B, the same with wings closed lading eggs, X 20 diameters; C, antenna of same, X 200 diameters; D, egg mass of same, X 30 diameters. (Miriam A. Palmer, artist.)
Plate V. — Chermes cooleyi var. coiceni, new variety. — A and A, hibernating stem-mothers beginning to grow in spring, X 20 diameters; B, sprig of red fir showing wiiite egg masses, slightly reduced; C, sprig of red fir showing curled leaves of new growth wiiere young lice are locating, natural size; D, egg clusters of preceding, X 15 diameters. (Photos by author.)
Plate VI. — Cherines cooleyi var. coweni, new variety. — A, apterous cottony covered female and her hil^ernating young, the last of June, X S diam- eters; A', hibernating young lacking dorsal wax threads, X 50 diam- eters; B and C, dorsal "and ventral views of adult hibernating female showing wax glands, etc., X 45 diameters; D, leg X 60 diameters; E, antenna, X 240 diameters; F, pupa, X 40 diameters. (Miriam A. Palmer, artist.)
22 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Jan.,
Plate VII. — Chermes cooleyi var. coiceni, new varietj*. — A, winged female, X 40 diameters; B, antenna of same, X 240 diameters; C, gall oi Chermes montanus, n. sp., X 2 diameters. Chermes similis, new species. — D and D\ E and E', two views of two leaves from a gall of this species, the former from near the base and the latter from near the tip, sho-v\ang the difference in their development; X 2 times. (Miriam A. Palmer, artist.)
Plate VIII. — Chermes coloradensis , new species. — A, lice between the needles during winter and early spring; B, attacking the new growth a little later; C and D, cottony masses covering the \vingless females and their eggs, taken during June. A, B and C enlarged 3/2, D 4 times. (Photos by author.)
Plate IX. — Chermes coloradensis, new species. — A and B, apterous females taken during May, sho-^ving dorsal and ventral surfaces with arrangement of glands; C, dorsal surface of wingless female taken October 22; D, pupa taken June 22; e, anterior leg of A, X 120; f, antenna of the same, X 200. A and B are enlarged 50 times, C 90 times, and D 40 times. (Miriam A. Palmer, artist.)
Plate X. — Chermes coloradensis, new species. — A, winged female showing wax glands, etc., enlarged 50 times; B, antenna of preceding, X 200 times; C, half-grown apterous female taken October 22, showing long curved pencils of secretion and drop of excretion, X 40 times. (Miriam A. Palmer, artist.)
Plate XI. — A, antenna of Chermes montanus, new species, X 200 diameters; B, fore leg of C. montanus, X 50 diameters; C, leg of C. cooleyi, X 50 diameters; D, E, and F, larva, pupa and adult of Harmonia picta, much enlarged. (Miriam A. Palmer, artist.)
1907.1 NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 23
February 5.
Mr. George Vaux, Jr.. in the Chair.
Thirty-two persons present.
The death of Alexander J. Cassatt, a member, December 28, 1906, was announced.
The Publication Committee reported that a paper entitled "Chermes of Colorado Conifers," by C. P. Gillette, had been pre- sented for publication (January 28).
Mr. Howard W, DuBois made a communication on hydraulic mining in British Columbia. (No abstract.)
February 19. The President, Samuel G. Dixon, M.D., in the Chair.
Twenty-two persons present.
The Publication Committee reportetl that papers under the follow- ing titles had been presented for publication : —
' ' Notes on Orthoptera from Southern Arizona, with Descriptions of New Species," b}^ James A. G. Relm (February 11).
"The Morphology of Dinophilus Conklini n. sp.," by James A. Nelson, Ph.D. (February 15).
Edwin G. Conklix, Ph.D., made a communication on the embry- ology of Fulgur, embodying a study of the influence of yolk on the development of the egg. The paper will be published later.
The following were ordered to be printed :
24 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [i'^b.,
NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA FROM SOUTHERN ARIZONA, WITH DESCRIPTIONS
OF NEW SPECIES.
BY JAMES A. G. REHN.
To better present the results of the study of a considerable amount of material from southern Arizona, it has appeared advisable to divide this paper into three parts, each of which treats of a different locality or set of localities.
These three are: first, Cochise County localities; second, Pima County localities; third, Phoenix, Maricopa County.
The total number of specimens treated in the three sections is 842, the species numbering 116, of which 11 are new, 7 are new records for the United States and 19 are here credited to Arizona for the first time.
I. Cochise County.
The specimens on which the following study is based are chiefly con- tained in four collections made during the year 1905 by as many field collectors. The two largest and in many respects the most important ones were made in Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, one in August by Dr. Henry Skinner and now forming part of the Academy collection, the other made in September and October by Mr. C. R. Biederman and now being the property of Mr. Morgan Hebard, of Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. The third collection was made in the same range of mountains as the two mentioned above, but at Palmerlee, and was due to the work of Mr. Charles Schaeffer, of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, to whose collection this series belongs. The fourth lot was in some respects the most interesting as far as range extension of species is concerned, and was made at San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet elevation, by Prof. F. H. Snow, of the University of Kansas, to the collection of which institution the specimens belong.
A number of specimens from Douglas have been examined, and a few labelled simply "Huachuca Mts." are also mentioned herein.
The number of species here treated is 90, of which 8 are new, 5 pre- viously known forms are here recorded from the United States for the first, and 16 are recorded the first time from Arizona. The number of specimens examined was 526, of which 407 belonged to the Acrididse.
The author wishes to thank Mr. Hebard, Mr. Schaeffer and Prof.
1907.] NATURAL SCIEXCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 25
Snow for the opportunity to examine the material from the collection.^ mentioned above.
FORFICULID^.
SPONGIPHORA Serville. Spongiphora apioidentata Caudell.
Huachuca Mountains, August 22 (Schaeffer), 1 9 .
This is the species recorded from Florence, Pinal Co., Arizona, as Labia 7ntiancholica,^ and two d"' and one 9 from Riverside, Riverside Co., California, have also been seen. Of the ten specimens here examined but two, the Huachuca specimen and one from Florence, have the yellowish spot on the exposed portion of the wings strongly marked.
APTERYGIDA Westwood. Apterygida linearis (Esch.)-
Douglas, August (F. H. Snow), 1 9 .
BLATTID^. ISCHNOPTERA Burmeister. Isohnoptera uhleriana Saussure.
Palmerlee (Schaeffer), 1 9 .
This specimen agrees very well with Saussure and Zehntner's descrip- tion of the female of this species, but it is clearly separable from Tem- nopteryx virginica Brunner, which has been considered the female of this species. The tegmina are longer and rounded as in the female of Ischnoptera pennsylvanica , the latter being Phyllodromia borealis of authors, and not truncate as in " Temnopteryz virginica." In general the specimen in hand resembles what I have considered the female of couloniana, but is smaller, with a comparatively greater space between the eyes, and with the supra-anal plate of a different shape, being more transverse and less produced. This specimen is clearly what Saussure and Zehntner called the female of uhleriana, and this seems to raise a ciuestion as to whether Ischnoptera uhleriana and unicolor might not be separable in the female sex, with very similar males. Male individuals of uhleriana have been recorded by Caudell from the Huachuca Mountains and the Patagonia and Santa Rita IMountains, south- eastern Arizona.
' Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 562.
26 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
BLATTELLA Caudell. Blattella dilatata Saussure-
Palmerlee (Schaeffer), 1 9 . Huachiica Mountains (Schaeffer)^ July 8,16".
The female specimen agrees very well with the description of this species, which has been recorded only from Orizaba, Mexico. The male, which has never been described, resembles Blattella adspersicol- lis, having the slight maculations of the pronotum very similar, but is slenderer with the pronotum more trigonal, the margins of the same more deflected and the tegmina shorter and broader. The measure- ments of the pair are as follows :
& 9
Length of body, 12. mm. 13.5 mm.
Length of pronotum, 3.5 " 3.9 "
Greatest width of pronotum, 4.6 " 5.5 "
Length of tegmen, 14 " 8.5 "
Greatest width of tegmen, 4 " 3.8 "
In the female specimen the tegmina do not reach to the apex of the abdomen, which they exceeded in the type, but the form of supra- anal plate and other characters are very similar to those mentioned by Saussure.
MANTID^.
YERSINIA Saussure. Yersinia solitaria Scudder-
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August (Skinner), 2 6^. Sep- tember and October (Beiderman), 3 ? .
All of these specimens are larger than a female from Gallinas Canj'on, New Mexico, and no traces of organs of flight are present. A very curious feature about this species is the distinct proximal inflation of the caudal femora, probably a sign of considerable saltatorial ability.
LITANEUTRIA Saussure. Litanentria skinneri n. sp.
Types: c^ and 9 ; Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona. August, 1905 (H. Skinner). [A. N. S. Phila.]
Differing from the known members of the genus in having the teg- mina and wings of the male short as in the known females of the genus.
Size about the average for the genus. Head distinctly trigonal when viewed cephalad, dorsal outhne straight in the male, slightly arcuate in the female ; facial scutellum transverse, slightly arched in the male, oblong
1907.]
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
27
in the female; eyes moderately prominent, slightly elevated above the dorsal outline of the head in the
male, in a general way continu- \ /
ing the dorsal arciiation in the \ /
female; antennie short, hardly exceeding the head and prono- tiim in the female. Pronotum with the greatest width con- tained about two and a fourth times in the length, the dilation considerable, the cephalic section of the pronotum hardly con- stricted and evenly rounded, the caudal section considerably but not greatly constricted, caudal margin arcuate; median carina distinct on the shaft of the pro- notum, represented by a slight longitudinal sulcus on the ceph- alic section; lateral margins practically unarmed in the male, crenulato-dentate in the female. Tegmina very slightly longer than the pronotum in both sexes, elongate-ovate in shape, stigma present at about a third the dis- tance from the apical margin, the apex rotundato-truncate, veins distinct. Wings slightly projecting beyond the apices of the tegmina. Abdomen with a distinct longitudinal carina ex- tending the whole length and more distinct in the female than in the male ; supra-anal plate of the male with the apex subtrun- cate and the width of the same about equal to the length, sub- genital plate with two very short apical styles, cerci exceeding the supra-anal plate and reaching the tip of the subgenital; supra-anal plate of the female similar to that of the male in shape but more pro-
Fig. 1. — Litancuiria skinneri n. sp. Dorsal view of male type. (X 4.)
28 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
duced, the subgenital plate with the apical cleft not quite reaching to the middle of the plate, cerci as long as the supra-anal plate. Cephalic coxa3 slightly shorter than the pronotum in both sexes ; femora about equal to the pronotum in length, particularly robust in the female, caudal margin with five, cephalic with ten to eleven spines in both sexes, largest discoidal spine rather heavy; cephalic tibiae not quite two-thirds the length of the femora, margins with nine to ten spines; tarsi with the proximal joint about equal to the tibia in length. Median and caudal limbs rather slender.
General color of the male buff with a wash of clay color on the abdomen and the head with russet; of the female clove brown, the median carina of the pronotum and maculations and imperfect annula- tions on the limbs pale ecru drab. Tegmina in both sexes with their ventral surface near the distal margin with a transverse blackish maculation. Face with an obscure transverse blackish median bar in the female.
Measurements.
Length of body, 22 mm. 26.2 mm.
Length of pronotum, 5 " 6.5"
Greatest width of pronotum, 2.2" 3.2"
Length of tegmen, 5.5 " 7
Length of cephalic femur, 4.5 " 6
In addition to the types a paratypic series of one male, three females and one immature individual have also been examined. The second male agrees fully with the type in the shape and structure of the tegmina, and the females differ only in the depth of the general colora- tion.
I take pleasure in dedicating this species to its collector, whose kindly advice and sympathetic interest has been of the greatest assist- ance to the author.
STAGMOMANTIS Saussure. Stagmomantis limbata (Hahn).
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 2 d", 1 9 . Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 2 cJ^, 9 9 , 3 immature individuals. September and October, 1905 (Biederman), 5c?, 1 ?.
These specimens are typical with the exception of the female from San Bernardino Ranch, which has the general appearance, size and form of pronotum of limbata, but has the costal area of the tegmen
1907.] XATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 2!)
very narrcnv. coni})arativoly narrower even than in Carolina. This iiidiviihial is so clearly typical of linihaia in every respect, except the will til and form of the costal area, the only thing to consider it is an abnormality of this species. The width of the costal area is less than a fifth that of the tegmen. Four of the male specimens are in the green phase and five in the brown, one, however, not as completely brown as the others; seven of the females are green and four brown, one of the latter being rather pinkish.
BACTROMANTIS Scudder. Baotromantis virga Scudder.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 9 . Huachuca Mountains (Schaeffer), 1 o^.
These two specimens measure as follows :
I.ength of body, 39.2 mm. 49 mm.
Length of pronotum, 10 " 14 "
Length of tegmen, 24 "
l^ength of cephalic femur, 8.5 " 11 ''
Whether these specimens are identical with the typical Florida virga can only be determined by comparison with authentic or topotypic material, as the original description is very brief and unsatisfactory.
Caudell has recorded this species from the Huachucas, Nogales and Phoenix, Arizona, as well as Brownsville, Texas.
PHASMIDuE. PSEUDOSERMYLE Caudell. Pseudosermyle truncata Caudell.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 cJ'. Huachuca Mountains, July (Schaeffer), 1 d^, 1 9 . San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 9 .
The Huachuca female agrees very well in size with the measurements of the type, and has the basal abdominal segments with prominent tubercles as in the Bright Angel female mentioned by the describer. The San Bernardino Ranch female is slightly smaller than the other, smoother, and has the carinas and lobes similar in disposition but lower and weaker. The male specimens are larger than those men- tioned in the original description, being approximately 47 and more millimeters in the length of the body.
When compared with the Mexican P. tridens (Burmeister), the apex of the male abdomen is seen to be distinctly less inflated with a trigonal
30 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OP [Feb.,
disposition of the cereal teeth instead of a digitiform arrangement as in tridens, in addition to which the size is slightly less. The females of the two species are very similar, but truncata has the limbs longer and the carinee of the abdomen more distinct.
This species has previously been recorded from Dos Cabezos, Cochise Co. (type locality), and Bright Angel, Coconino Co., Arizona, as well as Los Angeles Co., California.
DIAPHEROMERA Gray. Diaplieroniera arizonensis Caudell.
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 6^.
This specimen has fully retained its natural coloration, which appears worthy of description.
General color cadmium yellow, a broad dorsal line covering practic- ally all of the metanotum and all of the mesonotum except the caudal seventh parrot green, the abdomen with the proximal half of all seg- ments except the distal one green, ranging from parrot green on the proximal four to oil green on the others ; terminal segment and cerci tawny ochraceous. Pronotum with a slight median touch of gi-eenish. Head with a slight clay-colored bar caudad of the eyes; antennae vinaceous-rufous. Venter of the mesothorax and metathorax marked with green as on the dorsum, and bearing a fine median longitudinal line of blackish coextensive longitudinally with the green. Limbs with each joint greenish (apple green) proximad, chrome yellow distad, tarsi raw sienna, femoral spines blackish-brown.
The Mexican D. calcarata is closely related to this form, but differs in the much more swollen median and caudal femora of the male.
This species has previously been recorded only from the type locality. Hot Springs, Yavapai Co., Arizona.
PARABACILLUS Caudell. Parabacillus coloradus (Scudder).
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 9 . September and October, 1905 (Biederman), 1 c?, 1 ? . Huachuca Mountains (Schaeffer), 1 d'.
The male has a distinct dorsal longitudinal stripe of brownish on a light yellow ground.
The Mexican P. palmeri (Caudell) is extremely close to this species.
AORIDID^. PARATETTIX Bolivar. Paratettix toltecus (Saussure).
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 2 9 . Huachuca Mountains (Schaeffer), 2 cJ^, 2 9 .
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 31
These specimens full}' agree with New Mexican and Mexican in- dividuals of this species. One female belongs to the long-winged form P. toltecus extensus Morse. Paratettix meiicanus (Saussure).
Huachuca .Mountains (Schaeffer), 1 cJ*.
ACHUBTJM Saussure. Aohurum aoridodes (St&l).
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 d^. Palmerlee, August (Schaeffer), 1 9 .
After comparison of these specimens with two females of true .4. sumichrasti from Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, the conclusion is reached that two species are represented. The Arizona specimens differ from the Jalisco individuals in the head being somewhat less elongate, with the eye somewhat shorter and the antennaj distinctly shorter and slenderer. The pronotum also is not so elongate and the lateral lobes are distinctly shorter than in sumichrasti, while the lobes of the genic- ular region of the caudal femora are distinctly less elongr.te and stouter, the length of the principal genicular lobes in sumichrasti being equal to that of the genicular arch, while in the Arizona specimens it is distinctly less. The dorsum of the pronotum is obscurely punctate on the cephalic portion of the prozona and all of the metazona in acridodes and lineato-rugose on the same areas in sumichrasti. On the basis of this character of the pronotum the name acridodes has been applied to this form, as Stal states in his description in the Recensio Orthopteronan,' in comparing with sumichrasti, "pronotoque dorso haud alutaceo-rugoso, sed antice et in lobo postico obsolete punctu- lato."
Burr in his key to the species of the genus^ appears to have misin- terpreted Stal's remarks on the length of the tegmina, as the former says: "Elytra abdomen haud superantia, " while Stal's words are; "Elytra corpore paullo breviora, femoribus posticis plus duplo lon- giora." It seems evident that Stal intended to mean the entire length of the body rather than the apex of the abdomen, as in the latter case the tegmina would have been very little longer than the caudal femora, considering of course the slender femora present in this genus.
MERMIRIA Stil. Mermiria bivittata (Serville).
Douglas, August (F. H. Snow), 1 d^, 1 9 . n, p. 101.
^ Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1902, p. 178.
32 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [iFeb.^
Rather larger than Nebraska, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico- individuals, but otherwise inseparable. The male has the base color greenish, the female reddish ash.
Mermiria texana Bruner.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 3 9 .
These specimens are quite typical of this richly colored species which has previously been recorded from Fort Grant, Arizona.
SYEBULA Stai. Syrbula admirabilis (Uhler).
San Bernardino Ranch. 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 d", 1 9 .
The female specimen has the pronotum slenderer than is the case in seventeen female specimens from east of the Rocky Mountains. It is possible that the specimens from Arizona represent Stal's S. leucocerca, which is clearly either admirabilis or a closely allied form, but this matter involves the examination of Stal's type.
Syrbala fuscovittata Thomas.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 10 c^, 10 9 , 1 immature individual. September and October, 1905 (Bieder- man), 5 d", 1 ?. Huachuca Mountains, July 13 (Schaeffer), 1 d". Palmerlee, August (Schaeffer), 1 $ . Douglas, August (F. H. Snow), 1 d" , 1 9 . San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 9 .
This very interesting series shows that both sexes exhibit consider- able color variation, in the male being chiefly due to either the greenish or grayish tone of the lighter areas, the general clove brown or blackish color remaining much the same, while in the female variation is due to the presence of two phases with different base colors. The greenish phase has light green by far the predominating color, while the brown phase ranges from warm browns to a decided umber, the dorsum of the tegmina being ashy gray in several individuals. One female specimen has the tegmina and limbs colored as in the green phase, while the pronotum and head show practically no greenish, being nearly as in the brown phase. The single male labelled Huachuca Mountains is ex- tremely interesting as it appears to represent the freshly emerged condition, as the date (July) would also testify. This specimen is somewhat shrivelled, as would be expected in the drying of soft chitin,, and in color is quite striking, the insect being generally pea green, the dorsum of the pronotum buff, the eyes and distal portion of the anten- na walnut brown the tegmina whitish hyaline and the wings distinctly infuscate.
1907.J NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 33
Tliis species has been recorded from several localities in southern Arizona.
ACROCARA Scuclder. Acrocara maculipenne Scudder.
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 cJ*.
This specimen is perfectly typical of this scarce species except that the pale colors are bone white, the darker colors more sombre brown and the proximal portion of the wings, the metanotum and dorsal section of the proximal abdominal segments sevres blue instead of bronze green. Such differences as exist are merely in color shades, the maculation and pattern of lines and bars being the same as described by Scudder. This species has only been recorded from Montelovez, Coahuila, and Villa Lerdo, Durango, Mexico, the above record con- stituting the first from within the limits of the United States.
ERITETTIX Brunner. Eritettix variabilis Bruner.
Douglas, August (F. H. Snow), 1 9 .
This specimen has little or no trace of the supplementary carinae on the dorsum of the pronotum, but the antennae are typical of the species. There appears to be no doubt that Eupedetes carinatus Scudder is no other than this species, as a study of the description will show. The character of the antennae does not appear sufficient to form the basis of a new genus, especially in view of the appreciable reduction of the clavation in species hke tricarinatus and navicula. Another point apparently overlooked by Scudder in describing Eupedetes is that Eritettix* was based on but two definitely stated species, variabilis and abortivus, although carinatus, tricarinatus and virgatus were mentioned through the generic description in explanation of variable characters. Of these two definitely placed species variabilis stands first, and is the type also by elimination as abortivus was removed by Scudder to Mesochloa in 1898. It is thus evident that the type of Eritettix is a species with non-clavate antennae.
This species has previously been recorded only from Silver City, Grant Co., New Mexico, and, as Eupedetes carinatus, from La Tremen- tina, San Miguel Co., New Mexico.
AMPHITORNUS McNeill. Amphitornus ornatus McNeill.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, 5,500 feet, September, 1905 (Biederman), 2 9 .
* Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, p. 56. 3
34 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
One of the specimens examined has the brown shades much darker than the other, and the femoral niaculations more distinct in conse- quence.
The greater angle of the face appears to be the most satisfactory structural character to separate this species from the allied A. coloradus.
OPEIA McNeill. Opeia testacea Scudder.
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 c?, 1 9 .
This species has previously been recorded from a number of localities in southern California, but not from Arizona.
OKPHULELLA Giglio-Tos. Orphulella compta Scudder.
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 2 6^,3 9 .
The two males are dull brown in color, one female ochraceous, another very dark brown and the third in the green phase. In measure- ments they agree closely with the types.
BOOPEDON Thomas. Bobpedon fuscum Bruner.
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 c?.
This specimen is typical of this form, which appears to be doubtfully separable from mibihmi (Say). The only differential character which appears constant when compared with three males of nuhilum from Nebraska and Colorado is the absence of a pale pregenicular annulus on the caudal femora, as the color of the caudal tibiae is uniform blackish in a Pueblo, Colorado male, and the number of spines on the outer tibial margin is twelve in the San Bernardino specimen and ranges from eleven to thirteen in the males of nuhilum. This species was described from Nogales and Phoenix, Arizona, and specimens from Casas Grandes, Chihuahua, Mexico, recorded by the author as B. nuhilum^ should be referred to this form, although one possesses very faint traces of pregenicular annuli.
SCYLLINA Sai. Soyllina calida (Bruner).
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 9 .
This specimen clearly represents the form of the genus found in Morelos, Guerrero, Michoacan and Jalisco, Mexico. It is not^closely related to S. patriw (Scudder), supposed to be from California, which
^Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phlla.. 1904, p. 519.
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PniLADELPFIl A. 35
ha? anionir other (liftVrontial cliaractcrs lutcous caudal tibia:> instead of the parti-colored type found in most of the jMexican and Central American members of the genus. This is the first record of the species from north of Guadalajara, and in consequence the first record from within the Uniteil States.
PSOLOESSA Scudcier. Psoloessa maculipennis Scudder.
ralmerlce, August 7 (Schaeffer), 2 9.
These specimens are inseparable from New ^Mexican individuals.
Psoloessa buddiana Brunei-.
Carr Canvon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 6^, 19.
This species has been recorded from southern Arizona, Dimmit Co., Texas, and Montelovez, Coahuila, ^Mexico.
AGENEOTETTIX McNeill. Ageneotettix australis Bruner.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 2 9 . September, 1905 (Biederman), 1 9 . Palmerlee, August (Schaeffer), 1 9 .
The only previous record of this species is that of the types — Phoenix, Arizona.
AULOCARA Scudder. Aulocara femoratum Scudder.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 c\ 4 9 . September, 1905 (Biederman), 4 o".
The lateral lobes of the pronotum are usually less strongly marked in these individuals than in Colorado, Nebraska and Wyoming speci- mens.
This species has been recorded from Phoenix, Arizona, by Bruner.
Aulocara rufum Scudder.
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 c^, 1 9 .
These individuals are inseparable from Colorado and Nebraska speci- mens. The caudal margin of the pronotum is strongly marked with dark maroon and the general color is vinaceous pink.
This species has been recorded by Scudder and Cockerell from La Cueva, Organ Mountains, southern New Mexico.
ARPHIA stai. Arphia crassa Bruner.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August (Skinner), 1 d^, 4 nymphs. September 23 and 27, October 16 and 20, 1905 (Biederman),
7 cf, 12 9.
36 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 d^.
Aside from the larger general size and broader fuscous arc of the wing this species is very closely allied to ^4. pseiidonietana. A number of specimens have the dorsum of the pronotum clay color, while others are strongly marked with a ' ' pepper and salt" color pattern. Arphia aberrans Bruner.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August (Skinner), 1 cj^, 2 9. Palmerlee, July 27, 1905 (Schaeffer), 2 9 .
These specimens agree very well with the description and measure- ments of this species, the dorsal (caudal) edge of the tegmen, however, being decidedly pale and unicolorous in all but one specimen. The individuals possessing the pale edging show such variation in the shade of the same that it is, no doubt, subject to considerable variation. The contrast between the bluish distal two-thirds of the tibiae and the pale ferruginous tarsi is quite striking.
ENCOPTOLOPHUS Scudder. Encoptolophus texensis Bruner.
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 cJ*.
Individuals from Florence, Arizona, previously recorded by the author as E. suhgracilis Caudell,^ are referable to this species.
HIPPISCUS Saussure. Hippisous oorallipes (Haldeman).
Douglas, August (F. H. Snow), 1 ? . San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 d". Palmerlee, July 23 (Schaeffer), 1 9 . Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 9 .
Several of these specimens are what is usually called zapotecus, as they possess red internal faces to the caudal femora. However, there appears no reason why this type is not true corallipes as Haldeman's original description says: "Inside of the posterior femora, tibiae and tarsi bright vermilion, a paler tint extending to the outside of the tarsi and half of the tibiae." This is exactly what we find in specimens now referred to zapotecus, and such a description cannot well be con- sidered that of a form with the proximal two-thirds of the internal faces of the caudal femora dark blue. Caudell^ has called attention to this fact and the author wishes to add that representatives of the two forms have been taken at the same locality on the same day, as demonstrated by material in the collection of the Academy.
i^ * Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, p. 566. ' Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, p. 468.
1907.] NATURAL SCIEXCES OF rHILADELPHIA. 37
The female representative from Douglas havS the pronotnm rather slenderer than the other specimens, and in this respect superficially resembles //. pardalimis, from wliich, however, it is quite distinct.
LEPRUS Saussure. Leprns elephas Saussure.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, September 26 and October 20, 1005 (Biedcrman), 2 d", 1 9 .
These specimens are imquestionably elephas, but in none are the wings clear yellow on the disk as usual in this species. All have that area bluish or green, in one decidedly blue proximad, in another with all except the proximal section strongly inclined toward yellow. The subequal lateral lobes of the pronotum will readily separate this form from the species with pronounced blue wings, all of the latter type having the ventral width of the lobes greater than the dorsal, owing to the rounded extension of the ventro-caudal margin.
Leprus glaucipennis Scutlder.
Carr Canj'on, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 2 c^, 2 9 . September 27 and October 16, 1905 (Biederman), 2 ? .
This series is inseparable from Californian specimens of this species and also exliibits some variation in the definition of the tegminal bars. The color of the disk of the wings varies slightly, the blue being quite rich and deep in some (two) specimens. This species has been recorded from Hermosillo, Sonora, and is here noted from Arizona for the first time.
SPHARAGEMON Scudder. Spharagemon collare (Scudder).
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 9 . This specimen appears to be perfectly typical of race angustipenne Morse when compared with Salt Lake (topotypic) material.
TOMONOTUS Saussure. Tomonotus ferruginosus Bruner.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August (Skinner), 6 9 . Palm- erlee, July (Schaeffer), 1 9 .
These specimens show that glaucous caudal tibiae are also present in the female, the majority of the specimens examined approaching the above color closer than "pale greenish yellow," given for the female in the original description. Several of the individuals examined also exceed the measurements given by Bruner, the maximum in the series being: length of body 38 mm.; length of pronotum 11; antennae 12; tegmina 31 ; caudal femora 20.
38
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
[Feb.,
Tomonotus aztecus (Saussure).
Douglas, August (F. H. Snow), 1 d^.
This specimen is typical of aztecus, as ascertained by comparison with ]\Iexican material, except for the parallel margins of the frontal costa, which is not constricted ventrad of the ocellus as in the majority of the other individuals examined. As several undoubted aztecus have the constriction very slight, I would consider the absence of it as an individual peculiarity.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca September 22 and 27,
MESTOBREGMA Scudder. Mestobregma rubripeune (Bruner).
Palmerlee, August 7, 1905 (Schaeffer), 1 9 . Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 7 9 , 4 c? 1905 (Biederman), 2 ? .
The coloration of the disk of the wing in this species is yellow as well as red, but three of the above series being colored with the latter.
CONOZOA Saussure. Conozoa carinata n. sp.
Types: c? and ? ; Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona. August (c5^) and October 20 ( 9 ), 1905. Male collected by Skinner in Coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., female collected by Biederman in Hebard collection.
Fig. 2. — Conozoa carinata n. sp. Lateral view of male type. (X 4.)
Allied to C. hehrensi, sidcifrons and acuminata, differing from the first two in the more elevated median carina of the pronotum, the more
1907.J NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 39
compressed pronotum and the color of the caudal tiljise. Of these two forms it is closely related to sulcifrons on account of the slender build of that species. From ociwiinata it differs in the more elevated pro- notal carina and the color of the caudal tibite.
Size small (d^) or medium (?); distinctly compressed, moderately slender. Head deep, greatest width ventrad; occiput well rounded and distinctly elevated above the general level of the disk of the pro- notum, interocular space in the male narrower than the width of the eye. in the female very slightly exceeding the width of the eye; fasti- gium deeply excavate in the male, considerably excavate in the female, median carina subobsolete in both sexes, lateral carinse well elevated, the narrowed cephalic section of the fastigium deeply depressed; lateral foveolse trigonal, moderately impressed; frontal costa slightly constricted dorsad and immediately ventrad of the ocellus, regularly expanding toward the clypeus, deeply sulcate throughout the length except for a small dorsal section which is shallowlj' so; eyes ovoid, flattened cephalad, moderately prominent in the male, little so in the female, in length slightly exceeding (female) or about equalling (male) the infraocular sulcus; antennae distinctly exceeding the head and pronotum in length in both sexes. Pronotum distinct!}'' flattened, disk with the median carina distinct, moderately high, well divided by the principal transverse sulcus, the division of the prozonal section being merel}'' an indention and not a complete deep incision as is the pro- metazonal se])aration;* prozona contained about one and one-half times in the length of the metazona, cephalic margin obtuse-angulate, concave laterad, caudal margin slightly acute- angulate in the male, rectangulate in the female; lateral angles distinctly marked, not continuous, carinate in the immediate
vicinity of the principal sulcus; lateral ^. „ /> ■ ,
. . J ^ rig. 3. — Conozoa carinata n. SY).
lobes distinctly deeper than long, %-cntral Wing of male type, (x 2.)
margin oblique, the ventro-caudal angle
produced into an acute process; surface of the dorsum with a
number of low but distinct asperities in the male and with
weak longitudinal strigce in the female. Interspace between the
mesosternal lobes very strongly transverse in both sexes. Tegmina
very considerably exceeding the tips of the abdomen and caudal
' In the male type the carina of the prozona is without the cephalic (prozonal) indention, a condition found to be approached in tliree of the series examined and which appears to he without taxonomic value.
40 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
femora; costal margin with a distinct arciiation in the distal third, apex narrowly and very obliquely truncate, sutural margin nearly straight; intercalary vein strong, median in position for the greater part of its length but approaching the median vein distad. Wings ample but rather narrow, the greatest width contained nearly twice in the length; apex rather narrowly rounded. Caudal femora very slightly exceeding the apex of the abdomen in the male, in the female falling very little short of the same.^ in form moderately robust; caudal tibiae with nine spines on the external margins.
General color wood brown in the male, mars brown in the female, in both sexes blotched and marked with clove brown or blackish. Head dull in the female, the markings obscure and chiefly consisting of postocular and arcuate occipital bars, the facial carinse being regularly beaded and the plain surfaces punctate with the darker colors, eyes russet, antennae wood brown with alternating segments generally marked with bistre; head of the male nearly completely washed wdth ecru drab, the dorsum more sprinkled with darker than the other sur- faces, three occipital bars as w^ell as the postocular bars being developed, while the pattern of the facial carinae approaches that of the female, eyes as in the female and with a distinct dark continuation of the post- ocular bar passing through them, antennae similar to those parts in the female but the paler parts are inclined toward ecru drab. Pronotum W'ith the dorsum of the general color, the median carina, asperities and beading of the caudal margin of the darker color; lateral lobes dark dorsad, pale ventrad, the two shades marbled mesad and the margins beaded. Tegmina with a solid median and proximal blotch on the costal area, while a third distal spot is faintly indicated, intervals between the spots very light, sutural margin with the venation infuscate, distal third of the discoidal field hj^aline except for the finely lined veins. Wings with the fuscous band placed very slightly distad of the middle and considerably narrowed cephalad, of greatest width at the point where it touches the periphery of the wing, here about one-fifth the length of the wing, and continued very little toward the internal margin of the wing, spur distinct, thick, extending slightly more than half way to the base of the wing; color of the disk pale sulphur yellow in the male, very weak primrose yellow in the female, apical portion hyaline except for the infuscation of a few veins near the immediate apex. Abdomen and ventral surface sulphur
* In this sex the abdomen is shghtly distended from the normal and deduction has been made for this extension.
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF rHILADELPIIIA. 41
yellow. Cei3halic and median limbs of the general colors, imperfectly annulate and sprinkled the darker on the lighter, the cephalic limbs in the male cloudcil with ecru drab. Caudal femora with the genicular region blackish, a distinct pregenicular annulus of pale wood brown present, the lateral face with three oblique fasciae of the darker color, the distal of which is the only one which clouds the ventral face to any great ex'tent, in the male the lighter areas are almost bluish white; caudal tibite naples j^ellow with the proximal portion clouded and the genicular section and the tips of the spines blackish.
Measurements.
d 9
Length of body, 17.8 mm. 30.5 mm.
Length of pronotum, 4.2 " 6.4 "
Length of tegmen 18.5 " 25.7 "
Greatest width of tegmen 3.5 " 4.5 "
Length of caudal femur, 10.2 " 14.5 "
A series of four males and three females have been examined in addi- tion to the types, one from Palmerlee (Schaeffer; September 5), the others from Carr Canyon (Biederman; September 22, 24, October 8 and 28, 1905). The Palmerlee male is lighter in color than the four Carr Canyon male specimens available; this not only being true of the brown shades but of the disk of the wings as well, those parts being of the same shade as in the female. One of the female paratypes is very similar to the type, another is slightly paler and the third decidedly paler with the color contrasts much reduced and in some cases absent. The size appears to vary little, and in structure the chief variation worthy of note is the degree of "blocking" of the dorsal portion of the frontal costa. The fuscous band of the wing is carried nearer to the internal margin of the wing in some specimens than in others.
Trimerotropis fascicula McNeill.
Carr Canyon. Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 4 c?. Palmerlee (Schaeffer), August 7, 1905, 1 c?.
These specimens agree very well with McNeill's description, except that they are slightly larger with distinctly longer tegmina, a feature of variation well exhibited by series of the closely related T. bnineri^ This form is extremely close to brimeri, appearing somewhat slenderer and with a narrower fastigium and wider tegminal bars. Trimerotropis alliciens Scudder.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 cJ*, 1 9 . September 24 and 28, October 8, 1905 (Biederman), 1 d,3 9 . Palmerlee, August 7, 1905 (Schaeffer), 1 9 .
42 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
In several of these specimens the elj'tral bands are more distinct than in others. This species is clearly a member of the citrina group.
Trimerotropis latioincta Saussure.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 c? ; October 8 and 20, 1905 (Biederman), 3 cJ* , 2 9 . Palmerlee, September (Schaeffer), 1 cJ*. Douglas, August (F. H. Snow), 1 d"'.
These specimens are true laticincta, although the validity of this as distinct from latifasciata appears rather doubtful. Trimerotropis magnifica n. sp.
Type: c? ; Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona. August, 1905 (Henry Skinner). [A. N. S. Phila.]
This very large and striking new species is allied to T. tolteca and fistrinaria Saussure, but differs from both in the very much greater size, and from tolteca in the presence of a hyaline distal section on the wings, as well as from pistrinaria in the practical absence of the usual ulnar spur on the wing.
Size very large (for the genus); form moderately robust. Head with the occiput rounded and slightly elevated above the level of the disk of the pronotum, interspace between the eyes as broad as the greatest width of the disk of the fastigium; fastigium considerably
Fig. 4. — Trmierotropis magnifica n. sp. Lateral \iew of type. (X 1^.)
declivent, the slope of the same being a regular continuation of the arch of the occiput, lateral carinae of the fastigium parallel caudad, regularly approaching one another cephalad, median carina faintly indicated caudad; lateral foveolse undefined, no ventral bounding ridge in the usual position; frontal costa considerably constricted dorsad, broader and subequal for a distance dorsad and ventrad of the ocellus, on the
1907.] XATURAL SCIKNCKS OF PIIILADELI'IIlA. 43
ventral portion of the face the costal carinae expand in an undulating fashion, sulcation distinct but not very deep, in fact shallow in the con- stricted dorsal portion; eyes not prominent, somewhat shorter than the infraocular sulcus; antenna) heavy, in length exceeding that of the iicad antl pronotum combined by that of the head alone. Pronotum \\ith the disk but very slightly tectate, prozona contained about one and three-fourths times in the metazona; cephalic margin very slightly arcuate, caudal margin rectangulate with the margins slightly undulate; median carina very faintly indicated on the prozona, distinct but very fine on the metazona; lateral angles faintly tuberculate on the prozona, rounded shoulders on the metazona; lateral lobes of the pronotum with the depth slightly exceeding the dorsal length, caudal margin descend- ing with a slight cephalad trend, ventral margin irregularly rounded. Interspace between the mesosternal lobes distinctly but not strongly transverse; interspace between the metasternal lobes slightly trans- verse. Tegmina four and a half times the length of the pronotum, exceeding the apices of the caudal femora and the abdomen by the pronotal length, the greatest width contained about four and a half times in the length ; costal margin with the distal third regularly arcuate, apex obliquely truncate; intercalary vein closer to the median than to the ulnar vein throughout its length. Wings ample, rather broad, the greatest width contained about one and three-fourths times in the length; apex obliquely truncate, axillary field with the margin dis- tinct arcuate. Abdomen with the subgenital plate rather broad ; cerci simple, straight, substyliform, blunt. Cephalic and median limbs rather slender; caudal femora robust, not strongly but regularly in- flated, the ventral carina distinctly elevated, length about two and ■one-half times that of the pronotum; caudal tibise with nine spines on the lateral margins.
General color pale ochraceous-buff overlaid with bistre. Head pale ventrad and on the face, dark dorsad, genoe lightly mottled; eyes burnt uml)er; antennas, except for the paler two proximal joints, clove brown. Pronotum nearly uniform bistre. Tegmina with solid median and proximal dark transverse bars/** the latter confluent with the base of the tegmen and both extending solidly across the same," a premedian bar is present but not as regular as the others, the pale interspaces between the three bands being sharply defined and distinctly but not greatly narrower than the average of the darker bars; apical fourth
'" These bars are darker and nearly blackish on the costal field. " The median is a little broken on the anal field.
44
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
[Feb.,
changing from subhyaline to hyaline with about a half dozen sub- quadrate blotches of the darker color. Wings with the band clove brown in color, crossing the wing immediately distad of the middle,, extending in a complete arc from the costal to very near to the internal margin, regularly narrowing in width from the axillary field caudad,
the width on the axillary field being about two-sevenths the length of the tegmen, spurs hardly indicated ; disk pale sulphur yellow; apical area hyaline except for several blotches of dark color, no suffusion however being present. Abdomen dull naples yellow. Caudal femora of the lighter general color inclined to vinaceous- pink on the ventral portion of the lateral face, dorsal and bounding carinae of the paginae sparsely beaded, face of the paginae suffused with the dark color, broad pregenicular annulus of the pale color laterad ;: genicular regions mingled drab and bistre, internal and ventral face of the femora blackish except for the pregenicular annulus and a proximal portion, both of which are Chinese orange ; caudal tibiae orange vermilion the genicular section and tips of the spines black; caudal tarsi buffy ventrad washed with orange vermilion dorsad.
Fig. 5. — Trimerotropis magnifica n. sp. Wing of type. (X U.)
Measurements.
Length of body, 38.5 mm.
Length of antenna, 19 "
Length of pronotum, 9 "
Length of tegmen, 39.5 "
Length of caudal femur, 2L5"
The type is the only specimen of this handsome species seen by the author.
Trimerotropis melanoptera McNeill.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August (Skinner), 1 ? .
This specimen is quite peculiar in that the proximal light area of the wings is not yellow but creamy white. The width of the fuscous wing band is about half the total length of the wing, and the internal faces of the caudal femora have a single pregenicular orange red band.
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 45
Triraerotropis vinoulata Scudder.
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 d^, 1 9 . Benson, July (Schaeffer), 1 9 . Douglas, August (F. H. Snow), 1 6^, 2 9. CaiT Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August (Skinner), 1 6". September 23 and 27, October 8 and 20 (Biederman), 15d^, 21 9 .
Several specimens of this common and widely distributed species from Grand Canyon of the Colorado (Skinner, July 11) are also in hand.
Trimerotropis cyaneipennis Bruner.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 6 d^, 6 9 . September 24, 1905 (Biederman), 6 (d, 4 9 . Palmerlee, September (Schaeffer), 1 9 .
Scudder's T. cijanea^- appears to be a synonym of this species.
HADROTETTIX Scudder. Hadrotettix trifasciatus (Say).
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August (Skinner), 2 d, 3 9. September 23 (Biederman), 1 d, 2 9 . Palmerlee, July 31 (Schaeffer),
1 d.
TREPIDULUS Mc'Neill.
Trepidulas melleolus (Scudder).
1902. Conozon vielleola Scudder, Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., IX, p. 34, pi. II, fig. 2. [La Cueva, Organ Mountains, New Mexico.]
1905. Mestobregma gracilipes Caudell, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, p. 471, fig. 5. [-\ogales and Huachuca Mountains, Arizona.]
1906. 'frepididus gracilipes Bruner, Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., II, p. 185.
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 d.
There is no doubt in the author's mind that Conozoa melleola is the species later described by Caudell as Meslohregma gracilipes. A com- parison of the descriptions shows the identity of the two species.
HELIASTUS Saussure. Heliastus benjamini Caudell.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August (Skinner), 4 (d, 2 9 . September 22 and 23, October 20 and 24 (Biederman), 3 d", 8 9 . Palmerlee, August 7 (Schaeffer), 1 9 .
This series shows that in general color some specimens are decidedly grayish, while others are warm brown, the tegminal bars varying little in intensity. In some female individuals the metanotum is slightly more tumid than in others.
" Proc. Davenp. Acad. Sci., IX, p. 36.
46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Fel:).,
Heliastus aridus (Bnmer).
Can- Canyon, Hiiachuca Mountains, August (Skinner), 1 9 . Palm- erlee, August (Schaeffer), 1 d^, 1 ?. San Bernardino Ranch,'! 3,750 feet, August (F. H. Snow), 1 c?.
The Carr Canyon specimen is grayish, the Palmerlee individuals reddish,
BRACHYSTOLA Scudder. Brachystola intermedia Bruner.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 3 nymphs. September 23 and 24, 1905 (Biederman), 5 o', 3 9. San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August, 1905 (F. H. Snow), 1 nymph.
This species, recently descril^ed from Sonora(?) and Mazatlan, Mexico, was considered by the describer to possibly reach "south- western Arizona in the vicinity of the Huachuca ^Mountains," an opinion which the present material well sustains. In size the adults in this series are fairly uniform, only one male l^eing slightly smaller than the others, while the coloration is distinctly more uniform than usual in series of this genus. As the male sex was not in the possession of the describer, the measurements of an average male may be of inteiest:
Length of body, 41 mm.
Length of pronotum 11.5 "
Caudal width of dorsum of pronotum, 7.7 "
Length of tegmen, 7.8 "
Length of caudal femur, 25.5 "
PHRYNOTETTIX Glover. Phrynotettix magnus (Thomas)."
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August (Skinner), 7 6^, 5 9 . September 24 and 27 and October 8 (Biederman), 9 cJ*, 2 9 . Palmer- lee, August (Schaeffer), 1 d"', 1 9 . San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet (F. H. Snow),l (^,19.
This series exhibits considerable variation in size in both sexes, and also some difference in the length of the metanotum and the character of the caudal angle of the same. In color numerous variations are observed, hardly two specimens appearing exactly the same; variation in base color, washes, pronotal margining and maculations, as well as
" By the acquisition of new material and the re-examination of old the author has been compelled to modify his opinion expressed in 1902 {Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1902, pp. 595-597) regarding the synonymy of species of this genus. Thomas's magnus is distinct from tshivavensis, as is also Bruner's robustus. The specimens recorded from El Paso, Texas, Alamogordo, Otero Co., and Lake Valley, Sierra Co., New Mexico, are of the latter species.
1907.] NATURAL SCIE.VCES OF PIIILADKLPIIIA. 47
femoral bars ami fine abdominal maculations, all combining to give numerous color schemes of browns and grays. A few specimens are reddish and others rather blackish.
Schistocerca vaga (ScuddcrK
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August (Skinner), 1 cJ^, 4 9 , 1 nymph. October (Biederman), 4 c?, 7 9. Palmerlee, August (Schaeffer), 1 d".
As is usual in this species a great amount of individual color varia- tion is present in the above series. In some specimens the pale dorsal line is almost obsolete, in one completely lacking, in others, particularly males, strongly marked. The tegminal maculations are of variable intensity, in two specimens being extremely weak, while the dark femoral bars and pale ventral section of the lateral lobes of the pro- notum are subject to equal variations, but as a rule the femoral bars are distinct in the individuals with a well contrasted color pattern. Schistocerca venusta Scudder.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August (Skinner), 6 9,1 nymph. September and October (Biederman), 4 cJ*, 7 9 . Huachuca Mountains, July (Schaeffer), 1 cJ*.
The above series contains specimens extremely close to S. shoshone, and the author inclines strongly toward the belief expressed by Mr. Caudell that venusta is probably a form of shoshone}* Both sexes of this form vary considerably in size, and in some individuals the meta- zona is distinctly bullate dorsad instead of nearly plane as in the majority. The color of the caudal tibia) varies from glaucous and purplish pink to very dull purple.
CONALCEA Scudder. 1S97. Conalccea Scudder, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XX, pp. 9, 23. Type. — C. miguelitana Scudder.
Conalcaea neomexicana Scudder.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, September 22-24 (Biederman), 2cJ^,8 9. '
This series is fairly uniform in coloration, such variation as is present being in the shade of browns and yellows which make up the base colors. The postocular bar is more distinctly marked in some specimens than in others, while in some individuals the black lateral bars of the prozona are slightly broken caudad of the yellowish oblique bar. The caudal tibise vary from pinkish red to deep chrome yellow.
'* Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus., XXVIII, p. 476.
48
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
[Feb.,
Conaloaea haachuoana n. sp.
Types: o* and 9 ; Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona. September 24, 1905. (Biederman.) [Hebard Collection.]
Allied to C. miguelitana and C. neomexicana, differing from the former in the form of the cerci and some features of the coloration, and from C. neomexicana in the characters which separate rniguelitana from the same, the form of the cerci, however, being very similar to neomexicana.
Size slightl}' smaller than C. neomexicana; form siibfusiform, robust; surface rather more glabrous in the male than in the female. Head with the occiput very slightly arched, not elevated above the level of the disk of the pronotum; interspace between the eyes rather narrow, in the male no wider, and in the female but little wider than the proximal antennal joint; fastigium roundly deflected, the greatest width very considerably greater than that of the interspace between the eyes, width of the scutellum of the fastigium very slightly broader than the same, moderately but not greatly excavated; frontal costa rather broad, slightly constricted dorsad, parallel ventrad and fading before reaching the clypeus, dorsal section not sulcate (slightly im- pressed in the male) but deeply punctate, area around the ocellus and for a short distance ventrad broadly and shallowly sulcate; eyes oval with the cephalic border flattened, in length half again as long as the infraocular sulcus in the male, about a c[uarter again as long in the female; antennae moderately depressed proximad, in the male very
Fijr. 6. — Conalccea huachucaria n. sp. Lateral view of male type. (X 3.)
slightly shorter than the head, pronotum, mesonotum and metanotum together, in the female equal to the head, pronotum and mesonotum. Pronotum wdth the disk moderately tectate; cephalic margin sub- truncate, and the caudal margin with a broad triangular emargination
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49
in both sexes; median carina distinct but hardly elevated, lateral angles distinct, obtuse, slightly more rounded on the mctazona than on the prozona, the angles regularly expanding caudad throughout their length, the expansion being much more marked in the female than in the male; metazona about half the length of the prozona, the metazona also more closely punctate than the prozona; lateral lobes with the length distinct!}' one and one-half times the depth in the male, less than one and one-half times the depth in the female, cephalic margin very slighth' arcuate, caudal margin with a conca\-e-arcuate cephalic trend, the ventro- caudal angle thick and very slightly recurved, ven- tral margin arcuate with the cephalic half sinuate, sulci well marked on the lateral lobes. Mesonotum Fig. 7. — Conal-
and metanotum together slightlv shorter than the ccea huachuca-
- ,. .'" / jian.sp. Dor-
pronotum in the male, distmctly shorter than the sal view of
pronotum in the female, l)oth tectate and carinate as ^Pj^ ^^ "^f^f ^ . abdomen. (X
is the pronotiun. Prosternal spmes erect, thick, apex 3.)
slightly bkmted ; interspace between the mesosternal lobes slightly longer than broad in the male, subquadrate in the female; interspace between the metasternal lobes very narrow in the female, lobes contiguous in the male. Tegmina reaching to the caudal margin of the metanotum, lanceolate, about two and a half times as long as broad in each sex, slightly narrower in the male than in the female; apex rather broadly rounded. Abdomen slightly compressed and with a low median carina ; f urcula developed as veiy broad, short, trigonal plates, no longer than the segment from which they arise; supra-anal plate produced trigonal, apex bluntly rounded, median sulcus narrow and deep in the proximal half; cerci moderately compressed with the proximal half thick and subequal, the distal half falciform, the cephalic margin slightly elevated and arcuate around to the acute apex, the sub- lamellate portion of the distal half curved in toward the median line of the body; subgenital plate subpyramidical, the apex well ele- vated above the margin, the two being comiected by a blunt ridge. Cephalic and median limbs robust in the male, rather weak (for a Melanoplid) in the female; caudal femora regularly tapering, not greatly inflated, the greatest w'idth in the male contained about three and a half times in the length; caudal tibiae with nine spines on the external margin.
General colors russet and seal brown. liead with the postocular bar not strongly marked ; eyes varying from l)urnt unil)er to ra\\' umber; 4
50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
antennse pale proximad, dark distad. Pronotum with the continua- tion of the postocular bar solid, deep seal brown in the male, slightly weaker in the female, extending across the whole of the lateral lobes and in depth being nearly half that of the same, the ventral line being more definite mesad than cephalad and caudad ; ventral portion of the lateral lobes pale russet. Dorsum of the mesonotum and metanotum similar to the dorsum of the pronotum, metathoracic epimera dorsad to the line of the dorsal margin of the tegmina and the mesothoracic epimera shining seal brown, episterna russet. Tegmina with a dorsal section russet (paler in the male) ; ventral section shining seal brown. Abdomen of the lighter general color with longitudinal series of con- tiguous seal brown blotches on the dorsal section laterad of the median line, w^hich is a very striking pale bar, these blotches varying in inten- sity in the sexes (stronger in the male) and in individuals ; apex of the male abdomen and the ventral surface of the same touched with orange rufous. Cephalic and median limbs brownish touched with olive green ; caudal femora vandyke brown dorsad, the dorsal half of the paginal area blackish brown, ventral half and ventral sulcus cream color washed slightly with greenish, genicular lobes pinkish buff touched with scarlet vermilion; caudal tibiae and tarsi scarlet vermilion, the spines tipped with black.
Measurements.
Length of body, 21 mm.
Length of pronotum, 5 "
Cephalic wddth of disk of pronotum, ... 2.7 "
Caudal width of disk of pronotum, .... 4.2 "
Length of tegmen, 4.3
Length of caudal femur, 13 "
In addition to the types a series of six males and seven females of this species have been examined, all of which except one pair from Palmerlee (in coitu; August 7, 1905; Schaeffer) are paratypic (Septem- ber 23 and 24). In size but little variation is presented, and in color such as exists is chiefly in the depth of the coloration , the two extremes, both females, one with russet predominating and the other with seal brown the prevailing color, can readily be given their proper associa- tion, as the distinctive color pattern is essentially the same. In some specimens there is a tendency to breaking in the pronotal continuation of the postocular bar, but in no case is this as complete and strongly defined as in C. neomexicana.
|
9 |
|
|
28 mm. |
|
|
6 |
|
|
3.5 |
|
|
6 |
|
|
5 |
|
|
14.7 |
1007.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 51
MELANOPLUS Stil. Melanoplus lakinus SoiuUlcr.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, September 22-27, October 8-20 (Biederman), 15 d", 13 9.
These indivitluals would probably be Scudder's .1/. sonorae, as the pronotuni is less expanded caudad than in average Colorado specimens of lakinus, and the lateral faces of the caudal femora are either not at all or but slightly marked -with the usual bars of lakinus. In the author's opinion sonorae is no more than a geographic race of lakinus, and may hardly be of such rank, as Colorado specimens of lakinus vary greatly in size, somewhat in the expansion of the pronotum and occasionally have the lateral face of the caudal femora without dis- tinct markings. The reddish color of the caudal tibise of sonorae, as mentioned in the original description, is possibly due to the t3^pe specimens having been immersed in a liquid preservative, as the individuals in hand all have the tibia glaucous. Melanoplus aridus (Scudder).
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, September 23 and 24, October 8 (Biederman), 2 c^, 1 9. Palmerlee, August 7 (Schaeffer), 1 9. Douglas, August (F. H. Snow), 1 9 .
From these specimens it is evident that this species varies consider- ably in size, in parts of its range at least, the Cochise County individuals being much larger than representatives from Florence, Ai'izona. These latter are distinctly smaller than the measurements given by Scudder, while a pair from Carr Canyon measure as follows:
(^ 9
Length of body, 21.5 mm. 29.5'^ mm.
Length of pronotum, 5 " 7 "
Length of tegmen, 4.8 " 5.5 ''
Length of caudal femur, 12.5 '' 16 "
Melanoplus desultorius n. sp.
Types: c and 9 ; Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co.,, Arizona. September 24, 1905 (Biederman). [Hebard Collection.]
Allied to M. aridus and closely resembling it superficially, but differ- ing in the more sulcate frontal costa, the flattened and moderately expanded cerci and in the interspace between the mesosternal lobes., which is strongly longitudinal in the male, slight!}^ longitudinal in the female. In the shape of the cerci this species approaches M. hum- phreysii, but the caudal margin of the pronotum is as in M. aridus.
" Abdomen distended bej'ond normal size.
52
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
[Feb.,
Size medium; form of medium build. Head with the occiput rounded but hardly elevated above the dorsum of the pronotum, inter- space between the eyes slightly narrower (o^) or slightly broader ( $ ) than the proximal antenna! joint, fastigium distinctlj^ broader than the interocular space, rather deeply (c?) or shallowly ( 9 ) sulcate, the sulcation extending caudad between the eyes ; "frontal costa distinctly (c?) or slightly (9) wider than the interspace between the eyes, impresso-punctate dorsad of the ocellus in the male, punctate in the female, in the male strongly sulcate around and ventrad of the ocellus, in the female moderately sulcate at and for half the distance ventrad of the ocellus, the costal margins slightly constricted dorsad and very slightly approximate ventrad; eye subovate in the male, ovate with the cephalic margin flattened in the female, when viewed from the dorsum the eyes are moderately prominent in the male, very slightly prominent in the female; in length considerably (cJ*) or not greatly ( 9 ) longer than the infraocular portion of the gense; antennse in the male slightly shorter than the head, pronotum and tegmina together, in the female very slightly longer than the head and pronotum together. Pronotum with the disk very gently arched transversely, the lateral angles rounded, the median carina distinct on the cephalic half of the
Fig. 8. — Melanoplus desultorius ii. sp. Lateral view of male t\'pe. (X 3.)
prozona and on the metazona, more elevated on the metazona and obsolete on the caudal half of the prozona ; cephalic margin very slightly arcuate, the caudal margin very obtusely angulate; metazona closely punctate, in the female also with very fine transverse strigse, prozona about one and three-eighths times the length of the metazona, prin- cipal transverse sulcus well marked in both sexes, the prozonal sulci breaking the median carina in the male, not dividing the same in the female; lateral lobes half again as long as deep in the male, slightly
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF IMllLADELIMHA. 53
shorttM- in tho foinalo, tho lobes moderately tuniid in their cephalic por- tion, particularly of the prozona, the caudal margin descending obliquely cephalail, the ventral margin slightly emarginate cephalad. Prosternal spine thick, somewhat compressed in the male, directed caudad; interspace between the mesosternal lobes half again as long as broad in the male, slightly longer than broad in the female; meta- sternal lobes contiguous in the male, subcontiguous in the female. Tegmina in the male subovate, reaching nearly to the distal margin of the proximal abdominal segment and slightly shorter than the pro- notum; in the female suborbicular, reaching to about the middle of the same segment and distinctly shorter than the pronotum, the apical margin slightly subangulate in the male, broadly subtruncate in the female, the greatest breadth of the tegmina in the male about two- thirtls the length, in the female slightly less than the Jength. Abdomen moderately compressed, the apex in the male slightly expanded and erected but not recurved ; fm-cula developed as short, well separated spines, not longer than the segment from which they arise and slightly diverging distad ; supra-anal plate trigonal, the median sulcus narrow and extending about two-thirds the length of the plate; cerci with the length not more than twice that of the broad base, from which the remainder of the cercus is sharply c— ^~ .
and regularly contracted to about half the basal wid th , the narrow portion being slightly curved d orsad , . ; '-; / : f
the apex acute and the ventral margin slightly prox- '^^iS5:l'
imad of the apex with a blunt angle, in transverse jrj„. g Mdan-
plane the cerci are curved mesad and then bent sharply opUis desultori- dorsad; subgenital plate slightly produced, moder- la" view "^of ately compressed, the apex slightly rounded ventro- apex of male dorsad. Cephalic and median limbs robust in the abdomen, (x male. Caudal femora well developed but not strongly inflated, in the male vcr}' slightly exceeding the head, pronotum and tegmina in length, in the female distinctly exceeding these; caudal tibife with ten to eleven spines on the lateral margins.
General color clay color. Head with the vertex and occiput marked with a median longitudinal bar of seal brown, more or less broken into spots; postocular bar blackish-brown; face and genre clouded and washed with drab, rather greenish-oli^'e in the male; e,yes russet; antennae flame-scarlet, a little oljscured distad and less brilliant in general color in the male (nearly vermilion) than in the female. Pro- notum olive dorsad in the male, of the general color with a median wash of prout's brown on the prozona in the female; lateral lobes with
54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
the dorsal lialf of the prozona shining blackish, a narrow continuation of this bar on the angle of the metazona being dull blackish, ventral portion of the prozonal lobes creamy buff against the blackish changing to the general color along the ventral margin and on the metazona. Tegmina broccoli brown with a strong steel-bluish tinge in the male; the ventral margin in both sexes narrowly marked with blackish and the minute interspaces between the veins showing up darker than the veins themselves ; apical margin faintly ( o^ ) or distinctly (?) margined with buffy. Abdomen with the proximal segments marked with black dorsad, the remaining segments and the ventral surface chiefly maize yellow. Caudal femora with the ventral aspect and the ventral por- tion of the faces yellow, the dorsal section of the lateral face washed with pale olive-green, the dorsal face and the dorsal section of the internal face with a median and premedian bar of raw umber, genicular arches seal brown, a moderately well defined pregenicular annulus yellow, genicular lobes with a black basal spot, the remainder yellowish dorsad, greenish blue vent rad ; caudal femora bottle green, the spines black, pale at their bases.
Measurements.
Length of body, . 17.3 mm. 26.5 mm.
Length of pronotum, 5 " 6.3 "
Length of teamen, 4.5 " 5 "
Length of caudal femur, ILT '' 14.2 "
In addition to the types a series of eleven topotypic specimens have been examined, two males and nine females (date identical with types). From these specimens it is evident that the species varies considerably in size, and apparently in both sexes, although the male material is necessarily not as conclusive as the female. In coloration the variation is chiefiy in the brilliancy of the yellow areas and of the yellow values, the base color varying in the same ratio as the pure yellows. In several specimens the color of the dorsal section of the lateral faces of the caudal femora strongly encroaches on or suffuses the ventral section, and this is apparent!}' irrespective of the strength of the yellow colors. In one female the whole of the lateral lobes except the blackish area is uniform cream-buff.
Melanoplus flavidus Scudder.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 9 . October 8, 16-17, 20, 1905 (Biederman), 4 9 . Palmerlee. August 7, 1905 (Schaeffer), 1 9 .
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 55
These specimens have the coloration much subdued and with gray- hrowns the predominating color value. The Palmerlee specimen is of a warmer brown than the others, and in the Carr Canyon series the yellows usually have a greenish cast.
Melanoplus regalis (Dodge).
Carr Canyon, Huachuca ]\Iountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 2 9 . September 23 and 24, October S, 16-17, 1905 (Biederman), 4 d', 14 ? . Palmerlee, June 13, 1905 (Schaeffer), 1 9 .
A pair of this form was submitted to Prof. Bruner, who was respon- sible for the transference of Dodge's species from /Eoloplus to this genus," and his opinion confirmed the author's suspicion that they represented Dodge's very poorly described species. It belongs to the jemur-rubrum series and must have a very great superficial resemblance to M. sanguineus Bruner,^^ judging from the description of the latter, and in a number of ways also suggests M. corpulentus, which, however, is very different structurally.
The coloration of the series examined is very interesting and shows considerable variation in the intensity of purplish-reds and greens, which on a yellowish ground and varied with umber markings con- stitute the main color features. In by far the majority of the speci- mens the green is conspicuous. In all the specimens the crimson ventral sulcus of the caudal femora and the glaucous tibise are marked, and very little variation in the color of the same is noticed.
Melanoplus corpulentus Scudder.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, September 21, 23 and 24, October 8, 16-17, 1905 (Biederman), 9 d", 7 9. Palmerlee, August 7, 1905 (Schaeffer), 1 d', 1 9.
This series varies considerably in size and somewhat in the intensity of pattern and general shade of the coloration; a few individuals have their general color more grayish than the average, others more yellow- ish. The caudal tibise are glaucous in five of the series. The length of the tegmina and wings varies considerably and is more pronounced in the male than in the female.
Melanoplus thomasi Scudder.
Douglas, August, 1905 (F. H. Snow), 1 d.
This striking species is here recorded from Arizona for the first, this
"> In Gillette, Bull. 94, Colo. Agr. Exp. Sta., p. 55.
" Two specimens from the Garden of the Gods, Colorado, recently recorded by the author (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 406) as sanguineus prove on second examination to be regalis. The superficial resemblance between these two is so great that -n-ithout authentic material the two are liable to be confused.
56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
being only the fourth record for the species — Sciukler having described it from Lerdo, Durango; Scudder and Cockerell recording it from Tularosa, New Mexico, and the present author examined and recorded seven specimens from the Sacramento Mountains, New Mexico. Phoetaliotes nebrascensis (Thomas).
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, September 24, October 16-17, 1905 (Biederman), 1 d^, 1 ?. San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August, 1905 (F. H. Snow), 1 &.
The individual from San Bernardino Ranch belongs to the form volucris, the others being the short-winged type.
When compared with Nebraska, Colorado and Indiana specimens the males appear to have the dorsal constriction of the frontal costa stronger than the average from those localities; but one Colorado specimen (Greeley, Colorado) differs in that portion being narrower than in the Arizona males. This species has been recorded from Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona. Dactylotum variegatum (Scudder).
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 2 9 . September 23 and 24, 1905 (Biederman), 5 c?, 6 9 . Palmerlee, June 23, 1905 (Schaeffer), 1 c^.
The females of this series present considerable variation in size, one particularly being no larger than male individuals, while this one specimen is but little surpassed in size by another of the same sex. There is a very perceptible amount of variation in both sexes in the depth of the bluish pronotal markings.
TETTIGONID^. Dichopetala brevihastata Scudder.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 d^.
This species is the D. hrevicauda Scudder of 1902, but not of 1900.^* The former records are from southern New Mexico (several localities in the Mesilla Valley) and Mexico. Dichopetala Isevis n. sp.
Types : ? ; Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona. August, 1905 (H. Skinner). [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.]
Allied to D. brevihastata Scudder, but differing in the shorter oviposi- tor^ which is also slightly thicker distad than mesad and proximad, and has the margins unarmed, and also in the smaller general size and shorter, more robust limbs.
Vide Morse, Psyche, IX, p. 381.
1907.]
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
Size small; form very distinctly compressed. Iload with the vertex regularly declivent to the narrow l)ut low fastigium; eyes ovate, small but rather prominent; anteniuo slightly more than twice the length of the body proper, rather thick in the proximal portion. Pronotum with a moderate mesad constriction; in length slightly more than twice that of the head; cephalic margin truncate, caudal margin very faintly obtuse-angulate, lateral lobes shallow, the greatest depth con- tained slightly more tlxan twice in the length. Tegmina very short, the extreme apex alone visible beyond the caudal margin of the pro- notum. Styles very short, thick, conic; ovipositor about equal to the cephalic femur in length, the proximal third nearly subequal in width, from which, however, it gradually enlarges to the distal section, which is distinctly but not greatly broader than the proximal portion; the caudal margin is strongly curved dorsad in the distal portion, the extreme apex, being rounded and nearly dorsad in position, all the margins unarmed; subgenital plate with a small but deeply and strongly rounded apical emargination. Cephalic limbs slender, the
Fig. 10. — Dichopetala la;vis n. sp. Lateral view of type. (X 3.)
bullae quite small; median limbs slightly longer than the cephalic. Caudal femora nearly two and one-half times the length of the cephalic femora, well inflated in the proximal half; caudal tibire exceeding the length of the femora 1)V nearlv the dorsal length of the head.
58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
General color ochraceous-buff. Head with the face overlaid with very pale greenish; palpi oil green; eyes russet; dorsum of the head with a narrow median whitish line extending from the fastigium caudad, enclosed laterad by line borders of pansy purple, a broad bar of which borders dorsad the narrow whitish postocular streak; antennae proximad very pale greenish overlaid with purplish, distad clear oil green. Pronotum with the usual situation of the lateral carinse marked with whitish, as is also the entire cephalic margin and also the other margins of the lateral lobes, caudal margin beaded with small purplish spots. The median fine white line with its purplish borders is also continued on the pronotum and mesonotum, while the mesonotum and metanotum are beaded caudad as on the pronotum, the lateral whitish bars of the pronotum being also continued on these sections. Abdom- inal segments beaded caudad as with the thoracic segments, the whitish lateral lines also extending to the apex of the abdomen, the dorsal area between which is darker than laterad. Ovipositor russet, the immediate apex darker. Femora wood brown mottled with broccoli brown and on the caudal, femora touched with a wash of greenish; caudal femora marked mesad and laterad in the proximal half with a pattern of short oblique brownish lines; tibise green, the cephalic and median pair brownish green proximad, clear dark green distad, the caudal pair dark clear green, spines narrowly tipped with black.
Measurements.
Length of body, 13.5 nim.
Length of pronotum, 4.5
Length of caudal femur, 17.5
Length of ovipositor, 7
The type is unique. Hormilia elegans Scudder.
Benson, July, 1905 (Schaeffer), 1 9 . San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August, 1905 (F. H. Snow), 1 ? .
These specimens belong to the typical color form.^^ CaudelP" has recorded this species from this region and the records now extend from Florence, Arizona, to the Mesilla Valley, New Mexico.
Hormilia apache n. sp.
Types: d^ and 9 ; Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona, August, 1905 (H. Skinner). [Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.]
" Vide Rehn, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, pp. 572, 573. =*« Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, p. 477.
190^
NATURAL SCIEN'CES OF PHILADELPHIA.
59
Allied to //. abbrcvidta Brunor from Cucrnavaca, JMorclos,-^ but dift'ering in the much longer tegmina and wings, the latter extending beyond the former, the well-defined humeral sinus of the lateral lobes of the pronotum and the more arcuate ventral margin of the same parts, the more recurved tips of the male cerci and the truncate sub- genital plate of the same sex (this has distinct lateral angles and a very well-developed median protuberance in abbreviata). The form of the pronotum is very similar to that of abbreviata, and in this respect these species stand apart in the genus from the others which possess sharp lateral angles.
Size medium; form moderately compressed and elongate. Head with the occiput moderately globose, not elevated above the pronotum and regularly declivent to the narrow, compressed fastigium, which is truncate distad, subequal in the distal half and with distinct lateral
Fig. 11. — HormiUa apache n. sp. Lateral view of male type. (X 3.)
carina, contiguous to the trigonal facial fastigium; eyes rather small, elliptical and prominent for their size; antennae with the proximal joint subtrigonal in section, in length slightly more than twice that of the tegmina. Pronotum with the dorsum deplanate, lateral angles sharp
*' Topotj'pic specimen examined.
60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
and subrectangulate, the width of the disk regularly expanding caudad, with, however, a very slight expansion at the cephalic margin; cephalic margin gently emarginate, caudal margin moderately arcuate with a very slight median emargination ; lateral lobes slightly longer than deep, the humeral sinus distinct and angulate, but not wide or deep, the margin from the ventro-cephalad angle to the humeral sinus being rather regularly arcuate. Tegmina about four and a half times as long as the pronotum, in greatest width about equal to the length of the latter; costal margin very gently arcuate proximad, tapering distad; apex rounded, sutural margin straight; tympanum of male hardly wider than the disk of the pronotum caudad, veins not strong; radial vein furcate, the ramus reaching the sutural margin immediately proximad of the apex. Cephalic and median limbs slender, the cephalic femora more robust than the median, the genicular margin of the four cephalic femora provided dorsad with a trigonal dentiform process; cephalic tibiae with the auditory foramina cochate, median tibiag slightly ex- panded proximad. Caudal femora slightly longer (?) or slightly shorter (c5^) than the tegmina, the proximal half moderately bullate, this condition being almost entirely dorsad, genicular lobes with peg- like processes; caudal tibiae slightly longer than the femora. Distal dorsal segment of male with the median section with a rounded slightly depressed area; supra-anal plate small, trigonal; cerci rather short, slightly curved, distal section somewdiat
T^- 10*^7/ •7- flattened, the apex acute and sharply bent dorsad; Fig. 12. — Hormiha ' ^ .
apac/ie n.sp. Dor- subgenital plate short, the apical margin truncate
sal view of apex ^^^^ laterad with two short stvle-like processes.
01 male abdo- " ^
men. (X 8). Ovipositor longer than the pronotum, broad, very
sharply bent at the base, very slightly tapering distad, the bent portion of the dorsal margin and the distal third of the ventral margin finely serrate. Subgenital plate acute trigonal. General color chromium green, paler ventrad and on the limbs; an- tennae with about seven irregularly disposed dark brown annuli on the distal third; pronotum faintly lined with yellowish on the angles; eyes mottled drab and ecru drab.
Measurements.
Length of body,
Length of pronotum,
Caudal width of disk of pronotum, .
Length of tegmen,
Length of caudal femur
Length of ovipositor,
|
(? |
9 |
|
17 mm. |
16.5 mm |
|
4.8 " |
5 |
|
3 " |
3 " |
|
25 " |
23.5 " |
|
22 |
23.5 " |
|
5.8 " |
1907.]
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
61
In addition to the types a male from I'almerlee (Schaeffer) has ■also been examined.
30, 1905 (C.
Aretheea sellata n. sp.
Type: o" ; Palmerlee, Cochise Co., Arizona, July Schaeffer). [Brooklyn Inst. Ai'ts and Sci.]
Allied to A. constricta Bruner, but differing in the strongly sellate ]5ronotum, the shorter and comparatively broader head, the broader tympanal field with its strongly bisinuate margin, the slightly longer cephalic femora and slightly shorter median femora, and also in the form of the cerci which have a very slightly dorsal curve at the tips.
Size medium; form very elongate. Head with the mouth cephalad; occiput gently descending to the compressed, slightly elevated and distinctly sulcate fastigium, which, however, is low ventro-cephalad ; facial fastigium trigonal, slightly higher than wide, the borders distinctly marginate; eyes elliptical, quite prominent when viewed dorsad ; antennse elongate, rather heavy in structure for this type of Orthopteron. Pronotum distinctly sellate, the caudal portion (metazona) forming a considerable angle with the prozona, the cephalic margin of which is also slightly elevated when viewed laterad ; when viewed dorsad the cephalic margin is very broadly triangular emarginate, caudal margin semi-oval in outline; prozona much more constricted than the metazona, the prin- cipal sulcus distinct on the lateral lobes; humeral sinus moderately deep, placed well dorsad on the caudo- lateral margins, which are oblique ventrad, the true ventral margin being somewhat sinuate, a moderately distinct arcuate transverse depression extends from one humeral sinus to the other, wholly independent of the depression of the principal sulcus. Tegmina about four-fifths the length of the caudal femora, narrow, costal field roundly expanded proximad, the costal margin evenly arcuate distad, the sutural margin straight, the apex closer to the sutural margin than to the costal and narrowly rounded; tympanum of medium size, the sutiu-al margin strongly bisinuate, the proximal lobe slightly acute- angulate with the apex rounded; lateral margins of the tympanum slightly arcuate; radial vein with three rami all of which reach the sutural margin. Wings exceeding the tegmina. when in repose, by
Fig. 13. — Aretheea sellata n. sp. Dor- sal view of prono- tum and tympa- nal area of male. (X 4.)
Fig. 14. — Arethoea scllatan.sp. Single male cercus. (X 15.)
62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.y,
nearly the length of the median femora. Limbs very slender. Ceph- alic femora slightly more than twice the length of the pronotum, the, tibiae distinctly but not greatly exceeding the femora. Median femora about two-thirds the length of the tegmina, the tibise exceeding the femora by about the same distance as in the cephalic limbs. Caudal femora about three times as long as the head and pronotum together, the inflation about limited to the proximal two-fifths; tibise distinctly exceeding the femora in length, all margins spined, the dorsal more strongly so than the ventral. Abdomen subtectate; terminal dorsal segment truncate; cerci tapering, comparatively stout in the proximal half, the apex sharp and rather strongly curved ; subgenital plate pro- duced, the apex narrowed and arcuate-emarginate, supplied laterad with distinct, rather sharp styliform processes of moderate length.
General color pale apple green, rather whitish ventrad. Head with the eyes prout's brown; antennae beyond the proximal joint yellowish; narrow postocular stripe Indian purple, flanked ventrad with a green- ish-white line of equal width. Pronotum with the prozona bearing two converging greenish-white lines, between which the disk is punc- tate with purplish, the metazona margined with greenish-white and bordered internally with a purplish line, the white margin very broad on the lateral lobes. Tympanum of the tegmina purplish-brown, the veins yellowish as well as the sinuate margin; sutiu-al margin washed with purplish-brown. Abdomen with an arcuate lateral greenish- white line distinctly margined with purple ventrad, the dorsum of the abdomen uniform punctate with the same color; extreme apex of the cerci blackish. Limbs faintly washed with purplish-red.
Measurements.
Length of body, 16 mm.
Length of pronotum, 4 ''
Greatest width of pronotum 3.5 "
Length of tegmen, 20.5 "
Greatest width of tegmen, 2.8 "
Greatest width of tympanum, 2.7 "
Length of wnng beyond closed tegmen, 1L8 "
Length of cephalic femur, 9.5 "
Length of median femur, 12.5
Length of caudal femur, 25 "
Length of caudal tibia, 27 "
The type is the only specimen of this interesting species examined by the author.
The five species of the genus Arethcca which have been examined by
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. QS-
tlie author may be separated by the following key," which is based in part on that given by Brimner.
1. — Tegmina and wings distinctly shorter than the body,
carita Scudder.
1.1. — Tegmina and wings very much longer than the body. (i-i
2. — Tympanal field of the male tegmen roundly produced.
Cephalic and median femora with the dorsal apex dentate.
3. — Radial vein with three or four rami. Size small,
gracilipes (Thomas). 3.3. — Radial vein with five or six rami. Size large,
jphalangium (Scudder).
2.2. — Tympanal field of the male tegmen angularly produced at
the transverse vein. Cephalic and median femora with
the dorsal apex obtuse.
3. — Tympanal field of the male tegmen but little expanded,
the margin being moderately bisinuate. Pronotum
moderately sellate. Cerci with the tips strongly
recurved dorsad, constricta Brunner.
3.3. — Tympanal field of the male tegmen moderately ex- panded, the margin being strongly bisinuate. Pro- ' notum strongly sellate. Cerci with a very slight dorsal inclination at the tips, . . . sellata Rehn.
Scudderia mexicana (Saussure).
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, September 27, October 8, 16-17, 1905 (Biederman), 2 c?,4 ?.
The species has previously been recorded from this region by CaudelL
Scudderia furcifera Scudder.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca ^Mountains, August (Skinner), 1 d^, 2 ? . September 24, October 3, 8 and 20, 1905 (Biederman), 3 d^, 6 ? - Palmerlee, July 26, 1905 (Schaeffer), 1 ? .
In the United States, Scudder recorded this species from Prescott, Arizona, and Scudder and Cockerell from the Organ Mountains, New Mexico.
Microcentrum laurifolium (Linnaeus).
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, October 2, 3 and 8, 1905 (Bie- derman), 3 9 .
One of these specimens belongs to the variety b mentioned by Saus- sure and Zehntner.
^- "id. brevicauda (Scudder) is not included as it is unkno'ft'n to the author, and its relationship is probably with carita. The same author's .1. consuetipes has not been seen, and from the description would appear to have a unique position on account of its short legs.
64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
Miorocentram retinerve (Burmeister).
Palmerlee, August (Schaeffer), 1 9 .
This species has been recorded from Nogales, Arizona, by Caudell.
Conocephalus fuaoostriatus Redtenbacher.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, September 28 or 29, 1905 (Biederman), 1 d^.
This specimen is inseparable from two males of this species from Thomasville, Georgia. This is the first record of the species west of Texas.
XipMdion fasoiatum (DeGeer).
Douglas, August (F. H. Snow), 1 c5^, 1 9 .
Capnobotes fuliginosus (Thomas).
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 d^.
This specimen is distinctly larger than a male from Jerome, Arizona, fully equalling a female from the latter locality. Eremopedes unioolor Scudder.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 5 c?, 8 ? . September 21, 24 and 28, 1905 (Biederman), 2 cT, 4 9 . Doug- las, August, 1905 (F. H. Snow), 1 9 .
The Carr Canyon series presents a very considerable amount of individual variation in size. The Douglas female is extremely large^ the caudal femora particularly far exceeding the original measure- ments. However, aside from the very slightly narrower ovipositor, no other characters to separate it are apparent, and as the measure- ments of this specimen may be of interest they are given herewith.
Length of body (exclusive of ovipositor), 27.5 mm.
Length of pronotum, 8.9 "
Length of caudal femur, 28. 5 ''
Length of ovipositor, 20 "
Stenopelmatus oculatus Scudder.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 9 • Huachuca Mountains, July 23, 1905 (Schaeffer), 1 (d.
While one of these specimens appears to approach californicus in the small size of the apical spine of the internal margin of the caudal femora, yet, in view of the unreliability of spine formulae and proportions in this genus, it appears best to place it where all other characters seem to place it — in Scudder's oculatus. Ceuthophilus paucispinosus Rehn.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 3 c?, 4 9. September 22, 23 and 28, October 8, 1905 (Biederman), 4 d". Palmerlee, August, 1905 (Schaeffer), 1 9 .
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF rillLADELPIIIA. 65
The-V(Mv iiitiM-cstins:; scries of this species contained in the collec- tions available for study presents several facts in elaboration of the original description of this species, based on a single female from southern Arizona. One is that considerable size variation is present in l)otii sexes. I)ut more i)articularly in the male. Another is that in the male the ventral ridge of the caudal femora is more elevated and distinctly dentato-serrate (often strongly so), while in several of the specimens of the same sex the proximal fourth of the caudal tibiie are strongly valgate. beyond which they are straight.
Measurements are here given of the maximum specimens of both
sexes.
(^ 9
Length of body, 20 mm. 18.5 mm.
Length of pronotum, 5.5 " 5 "
Length of cephalic femur, 8.5 " 7.8 "
Length of caudal femur, 17 " 15
Length of ovipositor, 11.2 "
GRYLLIDJE. Ellipes minuta (Scudder).
Douglas, August (F. H. Snow), 1 specimen. Nemobius neomexicanus Scudder.
Douglas, August (F. H, Snow), 1 9 .
This species has previously been recorded from Florence, Arizona. Gryllus personatus Uhler.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 2 cJ^, 4 9 . Palmerlee (Schaeffer), 1 9 . San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August, 1905 (F. H. Snow), Sd',3 9.
This series has been compared with a representation from Florence, Flagstaff and Phoenix, Arizona. There is considerable variation in the depth of the fuscous coloration and also in size, the latter being as individual as color variation, the largest male and the smallest females being from the same locality (San Bernardino Ranch). All the speci- mens are of the macropterous type.
Gryllus armatus Scudder.
San Bernardino Ranch, 3,750 feet, August, 1905 (F. H. Snow), 1 c?, 1 2. This species has also been examined from Florence and Phoenix,
Arizona.
Gryllus alogus Rehn.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 2 9 . When compared with the type, from Albuquerque, New Mexico, 5
66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
these individuals are inseparable although both slightly smaller. An additional female from Carr Canyon is placed under this species with a query, agreeing in spine formulae with integer and pennsylvanicus, but in general appearance and form similar to alogiis. The positive deter- mination of species of this genus will probably be impossible until extensive breeding experiments and careful quantitative studies of our "species" have been made.
CEcanthus niveus (DeGeer).
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 1 cJ*, 2 9 . Palmerlee (Schaeffer), 1 9 .
OEcanthus nigricornis Walker.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 3 ? . September 30, 1905 (Biederman), 1 ? . Palmerlee (Schaeffer), 2 ? .
These specimens are inseparable from a Monte Redondo, Costa Rica, female.
Caudell has recorded this species from the Huachucas.
(Ecantlius argentinus Saussure.
Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, August, 1905 (Skinner), 3 c?, 2 9. October 16-17, 1905 (Biederman), 1 d".
These specimens are assigned to this species with some little doubt, as they agree fairly well with the original description of Saussure, but do not tally so closely with the later one given by the same author.'^ The antennal markings are similar to those originally described, but have no supplementary spot or cloud on the first proximal joint as later stated. In other characters these individuals agree very fully with the 1897 description. The remarks made by CaudelP* regarding Oracle and Hot Springs, Arizona specimens referred to this species are substantiated by the material before me.
II. Pima County.
The specimens here treated were collected by Prof. F, H. Snow, of the University of Kansas, during the summer of 1906. The localities represented are the Baboquivari ]\Iountains and Tucson. The material from the former locality is of very considerable interest as it has been seldom visited and, as far as the author is aware, this series is the first collection of Orthoptera made in that isolated locality.
23 Biol. Cent.-Amer., Orth., I, p. 254. 2* Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., V, p. 166.
1907.]
NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.
67
Two species previousl}' known only from localities south of the United States are here recorded from north of the boundary line, while two are described as new.
MANTID^. Stagmomantis graoilipes n. sp.
Type: o^ ; Baboquivari Mountains, Pima County, Arizona, I'DOe (F. H. Snow). [Coll. University of Kansas.]
Allied to *S. venusta, heterogcwna, montana and androgyna Saussure and Zehntner and limhata Hahn. From venusta, limhata and andro- gyna it can be immediately separated by the slenderer pronotum and limbs, particularly the cephalic femora; from heterogamia it can be separated by the much greater size, narrower supra-coxal expansion of the pronotum and the comparatively longer limbs ; from montana it differs in the smaller size, except the length of the cephalic femora which is about the same in both forms, in the nar- rower costal margin of the tegmina and in the wings being strongly marked and not vitreous.
Size medium; form slender. Head broad, the depth but little more than half the width. Prono- tum slender, the greatest wudth contained nearly six times in the length; cephalic margin rounded, the collar with parallel sides, the expansion slight, shaft compressed but slightly expanding caudad, margins of the collar slightly crenulate, shaft dis- tinctly carinate. Tegmina slightly more than twice the length of the pronotum; costal field moderately expanded proximad, not appreciable in the distal third, coriaceous; stigma linear, longitudinal, not sharply marked. Wings not exceeding the tips of the tegmina when in repose. Cephalic limbs quite slender, coxae slightly less than two-thirds the length of the pronotum, distinctly but not strongly spincd on the cephalic margin with two grades of spines, caudal face with the surface rugose owing to the presence of short spiniform tubercles, between which the surface is uneven; cephalic femora very slightly shorter than the pronotal shaft, the principal discoidal spine being situated very near the middle, lateral margins armed with five spines, one of which is small and genicular in position, internal margins armed with fourteen to fifteen spines, one small and genicular and the remainder divided
Fig. 15. — Stagmo- mantis gracilipes n. sp. Dorsal view of pronotum of tj-pe. (X 3.)
68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
into two alternating series, discoidal spines four in number; cephalic tibiae slightly more than half the length of the femora, external margins armed with eight to ten spines which leave un- armed a considerable proximal area, internal mar- gins with a regularly enlarging series of eleven to twelve spines; cephalic tarsi somewhat longer than the tibiae without apical claw, the metatarsi alone but little shorter than the tibise. Median and caudal limbs very slender, the caudal femora about five-sixths the length of the pronotum. General color ochraceous, the head inclined
J- iQ Staqmo- toward ochraceous-rufous, the ventral surface of
mantis gracilipes the thorax and abdomen chrome j'ellow, the median
liinb' of ^^t\i)e^ ^^'^ caudal femora deepening to blackish brown
(X 2.) proximad. Tegmina brownish hyaline, the costal
field opac^ue, probably green in life, the costal
and discoidal fields separated by a wash of russet which fades rapidly
on the discoidal side. Wings with the costal margin marked with
russet, the remainder wdth subquadrate patches of seal brown such as
are frequently found in the genus.
Measurevients.
Length of body (approximately-^), 58 mm.
Length of pronotum, 19.5
Greatest width of the pronotum, 3.3 "
Length of tegmen, 40.5
Width of proximal portion of costal field l.S "
Length of cephalic femur, 13.1"
Length of cephalic tibia (exclusive of apical claw), 6.2
Length of median femur, 13
Length of cephalic femur, 16.5
The type is the only specimen of this interesting species which has come to the author's attention.
Vates paraensis Saussure.
Babociuivari IMountains, 1 9 .
This specimen has been compared with an undoubted Guadalajara female of this species and is inseparable from it. In size it is slightly larger, but well within the measurements given by Saussure and Zehnt- ner. The species described by the author as V. townsendi can readily be separated from paraensis by the more compressed pronotal shaft,
'^ The distal section of the abdomen is missing.
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 69
the more expanded and snblaniellate supra-coxal expansions of the same, the more strongly lobed limbs and abdomen and the distinctly emarginate marginal field of the tegmina. The Arizona specimens of Vatcs recorded by Caudell as T''. townsendi?^ may probably be this species and not townsendi, which has stronger pronotal expansions in the female than we would suppose were possessed by the female of the species figured.
The only previous records of this species north of Panama were from Guadalajara, Jalisco, and Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico.
ACRIDID^.
Telmatettix aztecus (Saussure).
Tucson, 1 9 . Baboquivari Mountains, 2 cJ*, 3 9 .
These specimens have been compared with Yautepec, Morelos, and Teocelo, Vera Cruz individuals. Clypeotettix schochii (Bolivar).
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 9 .
This specimen is inseparable from Morelos and Vera Cruz specimens, and constitutes the first record for the species from the United States.
Paratettix toltecus (Saussure).
Tucson, 3 fo .
Specimens from Arizona, New Mexico, Mexico, Nicaragua and Costa Rica have been used for comparison. Achurum acridodes (StM).-^
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 c?.
Mermiria neomezicana (Thomas).
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 c^.
This is the first Arizona record of the species, which ranges south as far as the State of Durango. Cordillacris pima n. sp.
Type: 9 ; Baboquivari Mountains, Pima Co., Arizona. 1906. (F. H. Snow). [Coll. Univ. of Kansas.]
In many respects this species appears to connect the two types previously known in the genus, i.e., occipitalis and crenulata. From the former type {occipitalis, cinerea and afjinis) it can be separated by the more strongly bowed lateral carinse of the pronotum, narrower tegmina and the distinctly slenderer caudal limbs. From crenulata the new form can readily be distinguished by the larger size, the slenderer and less inflated head, more retreating face, narrower teg- mina and longer limbs.
2" Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc, XIII, p. 83, PI. Ill, figs. 1, 2.
'' For the definition of acridodes see antea, p. 31. .. . _
70
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
[Feb.,
Size medium; form quite elongate. Head broad caudad, regularly narrowed cephalad ; occiput and vertex distinctly ascending above the level of the pronotum, the interspace between the eyes no narrower
Fig. 17. — CordiUacris pima n. sp. Lateral view of U^pe. (X 3.)
than the fastigium, the latter obtuse-angulate with the margins sharp and bordered immediately caudad by a very narrow depressed space ; angle of the fastigium viewed laterad very slightly acute-angulate, the immediate angle rounded, face very considerably retreating; frontal costa very narrow dorsad, regularly expanding ventrad, the portion dorsad of the ocellus decidedly sulcate, the portion ventrad of the ocellus slightly sulcate, the margins somewhat cariniform; eyes slightly longer than the infraocular sulcus; antennse very considerably longer than the head and pronotum, the proximal portion depressed and subensiform, the extreme apex also being de- pressed. Pronotum short, the cephalic margin of the disk sinuate with a slight median emargina- tion, caudal margin rotund ato-truncate; median carina slightly elevated on the metazona; lateral carinte slightly constricted caudad on the prozona, strongly flaring on the metazona; prozona slightly longer than the metazona; lateral lobes slightly longer than deep. Tegmina distinctly surpassing the apex of the abdomen, narrow, the apex rounded. Cephalic and median limbs slender; caudal femora quite slender, the greatest width contained about five and a half times in the length, caudal tibiae very slightly shorter than the femora, armed on the lateral margin with ten spines. General colors chalk white and mummy brown, the maculations of
Fig. 18— CordiUa- cris pima n. sp. Dorsal view of head and prono- tum. (X 3.)
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 71
the darker color (listril)\itotl in tlic manner usual in this genus. Head with a distinct median bar of brown extending from the fastigium to the caudal section of the occiput where it is broken up, a narrow metiian line in this maculation and lateral margins of the same are bordered with buff; postocular bar distinct, gense white, face pale buff; antennre buffy proximad becoming glaucous green, with a faint touch of buff}' on the tips. Pronotum with the dorsum chiefly buffy, the lateral carinse buff, margined ventrad with a narrow line of black and the broad continuation of the postocular bar; the buff area on the disk of the prozona bears mesad an elongate trigonal faintly whitish area, while the lateral portions of the metazonal disk are distinctly velvety black, ventral portion of the lateral lobes white. Tegmina with the white discoidal maculations crudely hemispherical in shape and four in number, costal area also white, region of the anal vein buffy. Cephalic and median limbs whitish finely punctate with brown; caudal femora with the dorsal section of the lateral face purplish brown, the dorsal face with a small median and an elongate pregenicular blotch of the same color; caudal tibise lavender, very pale proximad, the spines pale buff tipped with black.
Measurements.
Length of body, 19.5 mm.
Length of pronotum, 3 "
Length of tegraen, 15.2 "
Length of caudal femur, 13.5 "
The type is the only specimen seen.
Scyllina calida (Bruner).
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 $ .
This is the second record for the species from the LTnited States.
Psoloessa maculipennis Scudder.
Baboquivari Mountains, 4 ? .
One of these specimens is suffused with blackish dorsad, while another, which otherwise is of the normal type of coloration, has the femoral markings very small.
Psoloessa texana Scudder.
Baboquivari ^Mountains, 2 6^, 2 ?.
One of the male specimens of this species has a prominent longi- tudinal dorsal line of ochraceous flanked laterad by purplish brown, the latter color continuous from the vertex to the tegmina, which it almost entirelv suffuses.
72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
Psoloessa buddiana Bruner.
Baboquivari IMoimtains, 2 ? .
Ageneotettix australis Bruner.
Baboquivari Mountains, 4 d^, 1 ? .
This species is now known from Maricopa, Cochise and Pima Counties.
Aulocara rufum Scudder.
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 cJ*.
This is the second record of the species from Arizona; the nearest points from which the species has previously been recorded being San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise Co., Arizona, and La Cueva, Organ Moun- tains, New Mexico. Arphia aberrans Bruner.
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 ? ,
This species is only known from the Mexican border of Arizona, i.e., Nogales and the Huachuca Mountains.
Enooptolophus tezensis Bruner.
Tucson, 1 d', 2 ? . Laotista oslari Caudell.
Tucson, 1 9 .
The previously known localities for this species are Nogales „Arizona, and Albuquerque, New Mexico. Tomonotus ferruginosus Bruner.
Baboquivari Mountains, 2 cJ*, 1 9 .
One of the male individuals possesses a very peculiar coloration. Tomonotus aztecus (Saussure).
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 ? .
This individual agrees with a specimen mentioned by the author on a preceding page^^ in having the frontal costa hardly constricted ventrad of the ocellus.
Derotmema delicatulum Scudder.
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 d^, 1 9 .
The previous Arizona records of this species are from between Gila Bend and Yuma and Florence.
Mestobregma rubripenne (Bruner).
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 d^, 1 9 .
The shorter and more robust caudal femora of this species immedi- ately separates it from M. plattei, its nearest ally.
'' P. 38.
r.H)7.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 73
Conozoa oarinata Kelm.
Babo(.}uivari .Mountains, 2 d^, 1 ?.
These specimens fully agree with the typical series from the Hua- cliuca Mountains, Cochise Co., Arizona. Trimerotropis fasoicula McNeill.
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 cJ^.
In coloration this specimen is slightly paler than Huachuca Moun- tains representatives, with the internal and ventral faces of the caudal femora suffused with the same red color as the tibiae, while the dorsum of the abdomen has a wash of the same color. The general size is slightly larger than Huachuca specimens and the proportionate length of the tegmina is about the same, much longer proportionately than in the type individuals. Heliastus aridas (Bruner).
Tucson, 1 9 .
Heliastus benjamini Caudell.
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 d^, 1 ? .
The previous localities for this species are Nogales and the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. The male is more ferruginous than any other specimen examined by the author. Schistooeroa vaga (Scudder).
Tucson, 1 d'.
This individual is small and rather paler than the majority of sjDeci- mens of this species. The amount of color variation presented by individuals of this form is very considerable, the extremes having quite different appearances but being connected in any series by members of intermediate specimens. Conalcaea huachucana Rehn.
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 9 .
This specimen is inseparable from the female type, and is the first record of the species beyond the limits of the Huachuca Mountains.
Hesperotettix festivus Scudder.
Tucson, 1 9 .
This individual has the pregenicular annuli very distinct, but shows no traces of the blackish pencilling of the pronotal sulci seen in H. viridis. Melanoplus brownii Caudell.
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 9 .
This specimen appears to belong to this species which was described from near Yuma, Arizona. Coloration counts for very little in M.
74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.^^
flavidus and its allies, and little stress should be laid on its determina- tive value. In measurements this individual differs from the original only in that the caudal femora are one millimeter shorter than the minimum there given.
TETTIGONID^. Arethaea constricta Bruner.
Tucson, 1 ? ,
This sjiecimen is inseparable from Texas females of this species, and constitutes the first record from west of the Organ Mountains, southern New Mexico. Scudderia mexicana (Saussure).
Baboquivari ^lountains, 1 d^. Eremopedes unicolor Scudder.
Baboquivari Mountains, 1 cJ*.
Huachuca Mountains specimens are usually smaller than this in- dividual, which is very pale and buffy-brown in color. Ateloplus notatus Scudder.
Tucson, 1 9 . Baboquivari Mountains, 1 immature 9 .
These representatives have been compared with a female from Florence, Arizona, and show no differences except a more blackish coloration.
Gryllus armatus Scudder. Tucson, 19.
Miogryllus lineatus (Scudder).
Tucson, 1 9 .
This record is of very considerable interest, as no mature specimens of this species have been recorded since the types were collected along the Colorado River between Mohave City and the Virgin River.
(Eoanthus californicus Saussure?
Baboquivari Mountains, 2 9 .
These specimens are assigned here with some little doubt, as they have distinct blackish lines on the two proximal antennal joints. However, in the shape of the femora, the color of the head and the antennae, aside from the markings, they agree with males of this species, while the pronotum has the sulci disposed in a similar fashion and differs only in the lack of caudal expansion, a character which appears to be sexual in this genus, due to the greater expanse of the male tegmina. Some little affinity is shown with the recently described CE. rehnii Baker, but the specimens are clearly distinct from that
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF THILADELPHIA. 75
species, while the heavier caudal femora immediately separate it from argentinus.
III. Phcenix, Maricopa County.
The specimens considered in this portion of the paper were collected by Dr. R. E. Kunz^, and are now in the Hebard Collection.
A few specimens from Prescott have also been included, but where no locality is mentioned Phoenix is understood. A striking new species of Ceuthophilus is here described.
BLATTID..5].
Blatta orientalis Linnaeus.
Prescott, July 14, 1904. 1 d", 1 9 .
Homoeogamia erratioa Kehn.
September 17 and October 9, 1903; September 14, October 2, 5 and 7, 1904. 7 &.
These specimens represent the pale typical and the slightly infuscate form. Homoeogamia apacha Saussure.
April 9, 1902; June 7 and 9, 1904. 3 c?. Prescott, July 14 and 18, 1904. 3d'.
The Phoenix specimens represent the typical form of the species, while the three Prescott individuals are of the very strongly infuscate form called infuscata by CaudelP^ on the basis of a Phcenix specimen. The interspaces between the eyes and between the ocelli in these speci- mens and in those of erratica agree in relative proportions with the material previously studied by the author.^"
MANTID^. Litaneutria minor (Scudder).
June 16, August 21, September 11, 17 and 24, October 1, 2, 11 and 24, December 1, 1904. 5 d", 5 ? .
Stagmomantis limbata (Hahn).
September 10, 1901 ; August 21 and September 29, 1904. 2 d', 1 ? .
One of these males is much smaller than the other. The female is referred here with a little uncertainty, as it is similar to the one from San Bernardino Ranch, Cochise Co., Arizona, mentioned in this paper.^^ The costal field of the tegmina is no wider than in that
» Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXVIII, p. 463.
'« Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, pp. 181, 187-189; ^n<. News, 1903, p. 327. |
" Antea, p. 28.
76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
specimen,, the form is smaller than in the average of Imibata, while the pronotum is distinctly though slightly constricted cephalad of the supra-coxal expansion. The wings are purplish black caudad while the tegmina are green. The left cephalic femur, tibia and tarsus of this specimen have been regenerated ; the femur being slightly smaller than the right but otherwise normal, the tibia is a short rounded joint not a third the femoral length with the margins unarmed, while the tarsus is quite short.
PHASMID^. Diapheromera arizonenais Caudell.
September 7, 8 and 15, October 17 and 20, 1904, 21 9 .
As the female of this species has not been well described, some notes may prove of service.
Wlien compared with a female of D. femorata from Philadelphia, arizonensis is seen to be somewhat more robust, the head is distinctly broader and the eye larger, while the proximal joint of the antennse is narrower. The median segment is slightly more transveres than in femorata, and the cerci are much shorter and blunter, while the three distal abdominal segments are distinctly shorter and the subgenital opercule is provided with a distinct apical finger-like lobe. Limbs slightly longer than in femorata with the femoral spines distinct. When compared with the closely allied JMexican D. calcarata, the female of arizonensis is seen to be somewhat slenderer, but with a broader head. The structure of the abdominal appendages and the terminal segments is the same as in calcarata, but the. limbs of the latter species are distinctly more robust.
AORIDID^. Orphulella graminea Bruner.
September 30, October 4-5. 14 c?, 14 9 .
These specimens agree with four paratypic specimens, two of each sex, received from Prof. Bruner. In size the majority of the female individuals are somewhat larger than the paratypic specimens, but no larger than the original measurements. In color some are distinctly mummy brown, others vinaceous-cinnamon and russet. The dis- coidal area of the tegmina is quite distinctly marked with quadrate blotches in about half of the specimens. Encoptolophus texensis Bruner.
September 24. 1 ?.
This specimen has the head, pronotum, pleura and dorsal aspects of the caudal femora suffused with pale green.
1907.] NATURAL SCIEXCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 77
Conozoa behrensi Saussure.
September IS. 19. Trimerotropis vinculata Scuddcr.
October 17. 6 6", 12$. Anconia Integra Scudder.
September 24, October 11-18. 10 9 .
This series presents all color variations, from the nearly uniform green type to a strongly maculate form with the pronotal markings very decided.
Sohistocerca vaga (Scudder).
October 10-16. 4 (5^,5 ?.
These specimens vary considerably in coloration, several females having the dorsum of the pronotum almost unicolorous, while the variation in the intensity of tegminal maculations is very considerable. Schistocerca shoshone (Thomas).
September 25 to December 15. 5 c?, 9 ? .
Considerable variation is exhibited by this series in the coloration of the caudal tibiae, shades ranging from pale purplish pink to decided purplish red being present on those parts. Hesperotettix festivus Scudder.
October 31, November 1-28, 1903. 4 d", 6 ? . Melanoplus herbaceus Bruner.
November 24 and 26, 1903. 12 c?, 8 9 .
These specimens are practically intermediate between true herbaceus and flavescens Scudder, which cannot be considered as other than a western race of herbaceus. In color and genital characters this series is truly intermediate, and in the author's opinion we must use the trinomial M. herbaceus flavescens for Scudder's form. Melanoplus piotus Scudder.
November 18-28, 1903; October 10, 1904. 10 c?, 10 9 .
This series is clearly referable to this species which was described from Bradshaw Mountain, Yavapai-Maricopa Cos., Arizona. When compared with the original description, the only difference which ap- pears is that the caudal tibiae are "purplish fuscous" or near it in but one specimen, the others ranging from pale glaucous to rather bright blue. There is a certain amount of variation in the actual presence or the intensity of the yellowish line along the lateral angles of the prozona, and in structure there is an appreciable variation in the width of the interspace between the mesosternal lobes, the latter being subcontiguous in one male individual.
78
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
[Feb.,
Melanoplus atlanis (Riley).
November 18-24, 1903. 7 d", 3 9.
These specimens are quite large when compared with Eastern speci- mens, a fact which is true of Florence, Arizona, individuals.
Melanoplus differentialis (Thomas).
September 4, October 16, 1904. 5 6^,1 9.
TETTIGONID^. Hormilia elegans Scudder.
September 5-7, 1904. 2 d" , 6 ? .
Three of the females present the type of coloration which has the dark areas of the tegmina large and deep in color, surrounding and isolating the light greenish portions. In this type the pronotum is richer in color, owing to the more definite whitish margins contrasted with the broad dark area which is placed on the caudal section of the pronotal disk, and also in the patch on the lateral lobes being larger and more conspicuous. One specimen is extremely pale, the dark markings being weak or mere suggestions of color. Microcentrum laurifolium (Linnseus).
November 24 and 26, December 1, 1903. 1 d", 4 ? . Stenopelmatus oculatus Scudder.
Prescott, Arizona, July 14, 1904. Fhcenix, September 16, 1903. 2 6". Ceuthophilus lamellipes n. sp.
Types: cJ^ and 9 ; Phoenix, Maricopa Co., Arizona, November 18, 1903. (Kunze.) [Hebard Collection.]
Allied to C. pacificus, hen- shawi and salebrosus Scudder, but in most every character closer to salebrostis^^ than to the others. From this it differs in the nearly smooth abdomen, the greater size, the different proportions of the caudal tarsal joints (second twice as long as the third), the different charac- ter of the serrations on the lam- ellate ventral carinae of the caudal femora, the longer cau-
Fig. 19. — Ceuthophilus lamellipes n. sp. Caudal leg of male. (X 3.)
3^ Canad. Entom., XXXI, p. 120. [Tenino, Thurston Co., Washington.]
1007.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 79
dal tibiio and the presence of an apical hook on the inner valves of the ovipositor.
Size medium; form moderately compressed. Head with the occiput and vertex declivent to the low, broadly trigonal, shallowly sulcate fastigium; eyes trigonal pyriform; distal joint of the palpi arcuate. Pronotum with the cephalic margin slightly emarginate, caudal margin subtruncate; lateral lobes with the ventral margin slightly arcuate. Abdomen smooth; ovipositor very slightly longer than the pronotum, tapering from the base to aJDOut the middle, distad of which it is sub- equal, the apex obliquely truncate, the inner valves each armed with five teeth, of which the two terminal ones are longer than the others and more recurved ; styles of the female about equal to the ovipositor in length. Cephalic femora about a third again as long as the pronotum, moderately robust, the cephalic margin armed with a single pregenicular Fig. 20 . — Ceuthophilvs spine; cephalic tibiae equal to the femora vTeV^^of'^'^ovipo^sitor. in length. Median femora in the male half (X 6.) again as long as the pronotum, in the
female slightly less, the cephalic margin armed with three or four spines of which the distal is the longer, caudal genicular lobe spined. Caudal femora in the male moderately long, very considerably inflated, the greatest width contained about two and a half times in the length, dorsal face well supplied with sharp tubercles on the tracings of the scalariform pattern and other irregular lines, ventral carinse elevated, distinctly lamellate, the margins serrato-dentate, separated from the genicular region by a narrow area where the lamellate ridges are roundly excised, immediately proximad of this the ridge develops an acute trigonal process, the ventral margin of which is serrato-dentate con- tinuous with the proximal portions of the carinse; ventral sulcus very broad and moderately deep, the trigonal processes of the margins diverging; caudal tibia) of the male in actual length (following curve) longer than the femora, the proximal fourth forming a quarter circle, the distal three-fourths straight, four pairs of spurs present on the dorsal margins of the shaft, in length these hardly equal the tibial depth, the margins also well supplied with fine teeth, ventral margin somewhat crenulate proximad and with a single spine immediately proximad of the tW'O apical ones, apical spurs long, the median internal one about equalling the dorsal length of the metatarsus; caudal tarsi with the third joint not more than half the length of the second. Caudal femora of female moderately inflated, the greatest width contained about three
so PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
times in the length, dorsal surface with a few sharp tubercles, but the number or size not as great as in the male, ventral carinas slightly ele- vated, finely serrate-dentate in the distal half and with an indication of the pregenicular diastema of the male; caudal tibise of female straight, slightly longer than in the male.
General color, clay color marked more or less with prout's brown. Antennae cinnamon. Pronotum with a narrow median area and the ventral portions of the lateral lobes of the general color, as well as a large irregularly quadrate or rectangular patch on each side. Mesono- tum and metanotum with an irregular system of broad alternating pale and dark bars, the abdomen bearing the type of markings only more numerous, smaller, and more restricted to the caudal margin of the segments. Cephalic and median limbs sometimes clouded with the darker color; caudal femora with the tubercles and serrations dark, in the female the pattern of musculation being more truly scalariform and not with a broad medio-longitudinal interruption as in the male.
Measure7net'its.
Length of body, 16.5 mm. 17.5 mm.
Length of pronotum, 4.5 " 4.2 " .
Length of cephalic femur, 6.2 " 5.5 "
Length of median femur 6 " 5.5 "
Length of caudal femur, 12.8 " 11.3 "
Length of caudal tibia, 13.2^3 « n
Length of ovipositor, 4.5 "
In addition to the types a paratypic male, taken November 7, has also been examined.
GRYLLID^. Gryllus personatus Uhler.
September 7-12, November 24, 1903. 5 c? , 18 9 , 1 nymph (XI. 24).
This interesting series shows that a considerable amount of variation in size exists in this form. While this feature is very apparent it is not as conspicuous as the variation in color, which latter ranges from a decidedly straw-colored type (the predominating phase) to a blackish brown form with no trace of the usual coloration, except a very narrow pale margin to the ventral portion of the lateral lobes and a few small spots on the vertex and fastigium. In many respects this dark type superficially resembles Mexican specimens of G. assimilis, from which,
^^ In straight line.
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 81
however, it can be separated by the form of the specukiin of the male tegmina.
All the adult specimens seen are macropterous.
Gryllus armatus Scudder.
September 7-12. 1903. 1 d^, 11 9 .
But little variation in size is presented by this series, and in colora- tion a slight deepening of the shade of the tegmina and on the caudal femora a replacing of tawny by bistre is all that is noteworthy. The base color of the pronotum shows a tendency toward reddish in several specimens, the head, however, remaining shining black. All the speci- mens are macropterous.
Gryllus alogus Uehn.
November 18, 1903. 1 ? .
(Ecanthus californious Saussure.
November 10 and 24, 1903. 2 c?.
82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.;
THE MORPHOLOGY OF DINOPHILUS CONKLINI n. sp.
by james a. xelsox, ph.d. Contents.
|
I. |
Introduction. |
|
II. |
Material and Technique. |
|
11. |
Anatomy. |
|
1. |
External Form and Specific Characters of Dinophilus co)iklini |
|
2. |
Body Wall. |
|
3. |
Nervous System. |
|
(a) Central Nervous System. |
|
|
(b) Sense Organs. |
|
|
4. |
Alimentary Canal. |
|
5. |
Excretory Organs. |
|
6. |
Sex Organs. |
|
7. |
Discussion and Conclusions. |
|
8. |
Summarv. |
I. Introduction.
The systematic position of Dinophilus has been a subject of con- siderable interest to naturalists ever since the establishment of the genus by Oscar Schmidt in 1848, and the opinions held on this point have been — relatively speaking — many and various. In a former paper on the early development of this form (1904a) I gave a brief review of these; to repeat it here seems superfluous. In the paper just mentioned certain conclusions as to the relationships of Dinophilus were stated, based on a study of its development. In the studies of which the present paper is the result, an attempt has been made to test these conclusions by a study at first hand of the morphology of the same species. This seemed the more desirable, since in the last fifteen years there have appeared but three papers on the structure of members of this group, and those dealt with species different in many respects from the one studied by me. Moreover, the apparent rarity of Dinophilus and its sporadic occurrence was an additional incentive to making the best of the opportunity which presented itself in finding abundant material for the study of its morphology, as well as its development, in the aquaria of the University of Pennsylvania.
It gives me pleasure to take this opportunity to express my indebted- ness to Prof. E. G. Conklin, of the University of Pennsylvania, for the privilege of taking Dinophilus material from the acjuaria of the Univer- sity ; to the Carnegie Institution for the use of one of its rooms at Woods
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF rillLADKLrill A. 83
Hole during the summer of 1903; ami to Trof. L. B. Walton for extend- ing to me the use of the biological laboratory at Kenyon College. I wish especially to thank Prof. J. H. Comstock for the unfailing kindness he has shown me at Cornell University. I wish also to thank my friends, Dr. J. Percy Moore, of the University of Pennsylvania, and Prof. A. D. ^lacliillivray, of Cornell University, for kindly advice and criticism.
II. Material and Technique.
All of the material employed in the preparation of this paper was obtained from the sea-water aquaria of the University of Pennsylvania. This material was collected in three lots at three different periods. The first lot was taken during the winter of 1901-2, and its preserva- tion was only incidental to the collection of ova, which formed the basis of a former paper by me (1904) on the early embryology of this form. The individuals taken at this time .-were among the largest obtained. The second lot was taken during the latter part of June and the first few^ days of Juh^ 1903. These individuals averaged possibly one-fourth to one-third smaller than those of the first lot. The third lot was obtained during the winter of 1903-4. The individuals com- prised in this lot are intermediate in size between those of the first two lots, being much larger than those of the second lot, but scarcely equalling those of the first.
The methods of fixation employed were but three in number :
(1) Kleinenberg's picro-sulphuric for one-half to three-quarters of an hour, followed by a washing in 70 per cent, alcohol. This method of fixation, which has given excellent results for many ova, including those of this form, proved only an indifferent one for the mature in- dividuals, and material fixed in this manner w-as unsuitable for the study of any of the finer structures. It has, however, the advantage of preserving the form and proportions of the object very well, and this material was made use of largely as mounted entire.
(2) A saturated aqueous solution of corrosive sublimate, containing 6 per cent, of glacial acetic acid, used boiling hot, and followed by a thorough washing in 70 per cent, alcohol. The material fixed in this manner has proved exceedingly valuable, anil many of my best draw- ings were made from it. The form and relation of the tliffercnt parts are admirably preserved, as well as those of the cells composing them, while in many cases the finer structures, such as cilia, maintain their integrity. After sectioning and staining the individuals collected in the summer of 1903, which wiere fixed by this method, a peculiar
84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
{lifferentiation of the nerve fibres became evident. Tlie latter did not absorb the chromatin stain (iron-hsematoxylin), but on the contrary remained clear and of a light straw yellow color, or, in sections where eosin was used as a contrast stain, were pale orange. In either case the nerve fibres are easily distinguished from the surrounding tissues. What happy accident caused this differentiation, which occurs in all the series made from the second lot of individuals, I have not been able to determine. It has, however, been of the highest value to me, since without its assistance it would have been an extremely difficult matter to trace out the various parts of the nervous system. That it is but an accident I feel sure, since a number of individuals of another lot, fixed and stained by the same method, showed the nerve fibres stained dark gray, as is the case where other fixatives were used.
(3) Flemming's fluid, from one-half to twenty-four hours. This method gave very irregular results, yielding some of the finest prepara- tions, as well as some of the poorest. Different individuals, even of the same lot, vary much in the quality of the fixation. The best results were obtained with a fixation of half an hour, although the period of fixation seems to be of minor consequence, since good results were also obtained with a fixation period as long as twenty-four hours.
The stains employed were: the picro-hcematoxylin of Conklin (1902) for the objects mounted entire, and Haidenhein's iron-hsematoxylin for sections. A contrast stain was used in some cases, a saturated aqueous solution of eosin being employed for this purpose. Experi- ■ence, however, has shown that the use of a plasma stain wdth the iron- lia^matoxylin is, in this form at least, unnecessary, if not actually undesirable. For the purpose of determining the presence of mucin in the hypodermis, Mayer's mucicarmine was employed. The formula is that given by Lee in the fifth edition of The Microtomisf s Vade- Mecum, the material being stained from five to fifteen minutes in a 10 per cent, solution.
The sections were for the most part cut five fi in thickness, this being found to be the minimum compatible with perfect series. Many of the DinopJtilus were embedded and oriented separately, but the best horizontal and sagittal series were obtained by embedding a large number in a Lefevre watch glass, and sectioning the mass entire.
The living animals were also studied, but, on account of the refrac- tive nature of the protoplasm, proved very imfavorable objects, as far as the internal structure was concerned. Narcotization was success- fully accomplished b}^ the use of chlorotone, the animals soon becoming quiescent, in a relaxed condition, tying on one side, with a shght ventral flexure.
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 85
The small size of the cells of this species of Dinophilus, and the gen- eral lack of distinctness in the boundaries of tissues and organs, made imperative the use of the highest powers. In studying and drawing sections a one-twelfth Zeiss oil immersion was employed almost ex- clusively. This necessitated a brilliant illumination. After the loss of much time from cloudy and dark weather, I had recourse to artificial illumination, as recommended by Child (1900). For this purpose I used a burner of the Welsbach type, mounted about nine inches above the table. Two blue glasses were placed in the cell below the con- denser, one dense and one thin. I heartily concur with Child in the opinion that this means of illumination is sviperior to daylight, at least when high powers are employed. The light, when filtered through the blue glasses, is almost perfectly white, does not tire the eyes, is of constant and unvarying intensity, and, above all, is always available.
In making the reconstructions which constitute Plate XII, fig. 1 and text fig. n^, a modification of the method given by Lee {Microtomist's Vade-Mecum, 5th ed., 1900) and ascribed to Woodworth, was employed. The camera lucida was, however, used in place of a micrometer. Such reconstructions proved of the greatest value in determining the rela- tions and connections of parts which run through a number of sections,
III. Anatomy. 1. External Fonn and Specific Characters of Dinophilus conklini.
The Dinophilus which forms the subject of this paper has been found, after comparison with the descriptions of the other members of this genus, sufficiently different from them to warrant description as a new species. I take great pleasure in bestowing upon it the specific name conklini, in honor of Prof. E. G. Conklin, of the University of Pennsylvania, who was the first to find this form. This species has so far been found only in the aquaria belonging to the University of Pennsylvania. Prof. Conklin, however, informs me that he is of the opinion that it is brought in on the Ulva obtained by dredging at Sea Isle City, New Jersey. A comparison with other species and the enumeration of specific characters are postponed to the end of this section.
The females of Dinophilus conklini are very wormlike in their form and general aspect. Text fig. I, although drawn from a fixed and stained preparation, shows little or no distortion, and represents the animal in a state of moderate extension, such as it often naturally
86
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
[Feb.,
assumes in crawling about over the sea- weeds on which it is commonly found. The outlines of the example from which fig. 1, PI. XII, was taken repre- sent the animal in a somewhat greater state of extension, showing especially well the form of the last segment and the caudal appendage. The head is bluntly conical or rounded in front, and narrows posteriorly to a somewhat constricted neck, where it joins the trunk. Its dorsal surface is also rounded, and bears a pair of reddish eyes, reniform in shape, as is usual in this group. On its ventral surface the head is slightly flattened. The trunk is long fusiform, or cigar-shaped, taper- ing toward the posterior end, and di- vided by six constrictions into as many segments.^ The first two segments are very short, scarcelj" equal to the head in diameter and are limited by relatively deep and well-m.arked constrictions. The three succeeding segments are sub- equal, nearly as broad as long, and sep- arated by comparatively slight con- strictions. In the first of the segments last descriljed, namely, the third of the trunk, the latter reaches its greatest diameter. The sixth segment is short and rounded at its posterior end, and bears on its ventro-posterior surface the conical caudal appendage or tail, which in this species is unsegmented.
Like other members of the group, D. conkiiiii is encircled by a number of bands or rings of cilia, and also possesses the usual ciliated tracts
Fii;-. I.— Female individual of 1). conkiiiii, drawn from a fixed and mounted specimen. Details added from sketches of living animals. (X 142.)
1 In the descriptive portion of this paper the term "segment" will be used to designate a portion of the trunk bounded by constrictions, without reference to the question whether it is a true metamere. The problem of metamerism in Dinophilus is discussed in Section III, 7.
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 87
on the ventral surface. One of the hitter, the preoral tract, clothes the ventral surface of the head, and at its posterior margin passes into the ciliated lining of the mouth. It serves the obvious purpose of creating currents of water which sweep particles of food toward and into the mouth. The second or postoral tract comprises a narrow strip beginning at the posterior Ijordcr of the mouth and continued backward to the end of the caudal appendage. This strip is widest in its anterior portion, having here a width of approximately one-half of the diameter of the ])ody. From this point it narrows posteriorly and is reduced to a third of its original width on reaching the caudal appendage.
The ciliated rings number nine; two belonging to the head and seven to the trunk. The two cephalic l^ands are not, however, continuous, each being interrupted on the middorsal surface of the head by a con- siderable gap; both of the two rings are thus divided, with the aid of the ventral ciliated tract, into two lateral halves. The two bands com- posing the first ring arise on the ventral surface, at the lateral edges of the ciliated tract, a short distance posterior to the anterior pole of the head; they then pass upwards and backwards in a gentle curve, and terminate between the eyes (see text fig. I). These bands are narrow, and composed of but few rows of cilia. The two bands representing the second cephalic ring embrace the head at its greatest diameter, and lie in a plane at right angles to the long axis of the animal. These bands are relatively broad and composed of numerous rows of long cilia. As is the case with all the ciliated rings the cilia beat rhythmically backwards, and are only clearly seen in their forward position, that of recoil.
In the fh'st preoral or cephalic band of D. vorticoides, as described by Schimkewitsch (1895), there is a similar gap. It is possible that in other species of Dinophihis the cephalic bands are also not continuous dorsally, since the cilia are here not easy to make out, except when the animal is seen in profile, or by the study of sections of fixed and stained material. In the case of this species I was at fii'st misled as to the course of the cephalic bands aRd figured them incorrectly (1904a, text fig. VI). This misapprehension was due to the figiu-es and descriptions of other species, and also to the presence of sensory cilia on the dorsal surface of the head, as described below.
The discovery of the presence of a dorsal gap in the second cephalic ring was of particular interest to me, inasmuch as it tends strongly to confirm my conclusions as to the origin of this band and its homologj'- with the prototroch of the trochophore larva, as expressed in 1904.
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
In the embryo of Dinophilus, the "trochoblasts," the cells which pre- sumably form this ring, are last seen as a long band, continuous across the ventral surface, but interrupted dorsally by a wide gap. A similar gap is also present in the prototroch of some annelid larvae, as, for example, in Amphitrite (Mead, 1897), and due to the same cause as in Dinophilus, namely, the large size of 2d (X), "the first somatoblast" of von Wistinghausen (1891), and the rapid growth of its dorsal pro- ducts. This dorsal gap is eventually closed in the case of Amphitrite, but it is in this form much narrower than in Dinophilus; the cells com- posing the prototroch are relatively large, and soon become functional. It appears quite probable, therefore, that the dorsal gap seen in the second cephalic band of the mature Dinophilus is ultimately traceable to the peculiar size-relation and growth processes of the cleavage cells of the ovum of this species.
Just behind the second cephalic band is a pair of shallow grooves, which arise high up on the sides of the head and pass ventrad, widening and deepening slightly, to join the mouth at its lateral margins. These grooves are lined with short cilia throughout their extent. These are the " Wimpergruben" observed by Schmidt (1848) in D. vorticoides, by Hallez (1879) in D. metameroides, and by Korschelt (1882) in D. apatris. They are supposed by the authors mentioned to function as sense organs, but their relation to the mouth seems to indicate that they may also act as food-gathering organs, creating currents which sweep the food particles down into the mouth. It may be remarked in passing that the " Wimpergruben" of this species of Dinophilus are strikingly similar to the ciliated grooves of jElosoma tenebrarum, as described by Miss Brace (1901).
The seven ciliated bands of the trunk are simple narrow transverse circlets, uninterrupted on the dorsal surface, with the exception of the last. Below they merge wdth the ventral ciliated strip. Each band encircles the middle of its respective segment. The terminal or circum- anal ring is scarcely worthy of the name, since it consists only of two short ciliated bands. These arise at edges of the ventral ciliated area, at the point where the last Segment joins the caudal appendage, and pass upward on the posterior edges of the segment for a short dis- tance (see text fig. I).
In common with other species of this group, D. conklini possesses conspicuous sense hairs on the anterior surface of the head. Two of these are of considerable size and symmetrically placed, pointing for- ward and slightly outward, while scattered between and around them are a number of smaller hairs. These are in fact tapering projections
1907.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF nilLADELPHIA. 89
of naked protoplasm; the large sense hairs, as Korschclt (18S2) has observed, are capable of movement. This movement coasists in a gentle waving to and fro of the tips, especially noticeable when these cilia come into contact with foreign objects, and demonstrating clearly their tactile function. On the dorsal surface of the head, just behind the eyes, is another group of sense hairs, all of which are very small.
Like both D. gyrociliatus and apatris, which it closely resembles in other respects, D. conklini is colorless. Although lacking in color, it is relatively opaque; this quality appearing to be due to the refractive qualities of the protoplasm, rather than to anything contained within the body of the animal. Wlien seen by reflected light its shining opaque whiteness makes it a conspicuous object when viewed against the dark background formed by the seaweeds on which it is commonly found. This lack of transparency natm-ally renders more difficult the study of the internal structure of the living animal.
The size of this species is subject to great variation. Measurements of the length of adult examples (in alcohol) of the first lot, taken in the winter of 1901-2, vary from 0.57 mm. to 0.91 mm. ; the average of this lot being about 0.73 mm. This variation in length is doubtless in part due to the differing degree of contraction of the examples taken, but it also, to a considerable extent, represents a real variation in size. Fully extended living individuals would yield measurements possibly one-tenth to one-fifth greater, but it is doubtful if any would exceed 1 mm. The examples of the second or summer lot, although less con- tracted by the fixing fluid than those of the first, show a range of 0.309 mm. to 0.60 mm., the average length being only 0.46 mm. From the third lot (winter 1903-4) only a few measurements were taken. The maximum of these was 0.74 mm., w^hile the average was 0.616 mm. From these measurements it seems to follow that summer individuals are much smaller than those taken in cold weather. This may really be the case, but unfortunately these observations are not extensive enough to form the basis of any certain conclusions regarding this matter. All the examples taken were, or appeared to be, sexually mature. Considerable variation in size has also been noted by Kor- schelt (1882) in D. apatris, and by Weldon (1886) in D. gigas. The first mentioned author says, ' ' Seine Lange ist bei geschlechtsreife Thiere ziemlich verschieden. " Weldon states that "The length of the body varied greatly, the smallest specimens found being al^out 0.75 mm., while the largest were nearly two millimeters in length. ' ' Whether all these were sexually mature is not stated.
Of the males of this species, only one was observed. This was still
•93
PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF
[Feb.,
Fiii'.TI. — Male iudividual of D.conklini, drawn from a living specimen. A, dorsal surface ; B, lateral surface.
confined in tlie egg capsule, together witli female eml^ryos, ])ut was nevertheless fully formed and swimming about as freely as its limited quarters would allow. In all essential characters it resembles the male
of D. apatris Korsch. Its form (text figs. II, A and B) is that of a short cjdinder with rounded ends, slightly constricted at its middle. Al)out the anterior end is a ring of cilia situated in a groove. This ring is continuous below with a strip of cilia clothing the ventral surface. At its poste- rior end was seen the outlines of the conical penis, which is directed downward and backward, as Korschelt (1SS2, 1889) has figured it. Of the interior of the body little else could be discerned ex- cept a number of refractive granules, which were prol^abh' sper- matozoa.
As will appear from a glance at the taljle of species given ])elow, D. conklini stands very close to D. apatris Korsch. and D. gyrociliatus 0. Sch. From D. apairis it differs in the proportions of head and trunk, in the presence of dorsal gaps in the preoral ciliated bands, in having but two large sense hairs instead of four, and in the presence of a cicum- anal or terminal band. D. conklini moreover lacks a character which seems to be distinctive of D. apatris, namel}', tliat of having the head joined to the trunk b}" the intermediation of a short piece, which has the appearance of a much shortened segment, without the ring of cilia. The characters distinguishing D. gyrociliatus and D. conklini are much slighter. Indeed the sole external difference distinguishing the two species is the presence of the dorsal gaps in the two preoral bands of cilia in D. conklini. This alone would seem far too slender a basis on which to erect a new species, if it were not that it is accompanied by considerable differences in the internal organs, the nephridia in par- ticular.
In the table below an attempt has been made to set forth in brief form the distinguishing characters of the different species composing the group, and the literature directly relating to each. That this table is imperfect is certain, but this is due at least in part to the imper- fectness of many of the descriptions, especially the earlier ones. Later
1907.1 NAxruAL scii:nx'Es of Philadelphia. 91
descriptions and figures, when sucli exist, have been used in the behef that they are more Ukely to be accurate. The literature list is as accurate and complete as lay in the writer's ])ower to make it, l)ut it has been found wellnigh impossible to collect all of the scattered refer- ences to the genus. If either the table of species or the literature list j-jroves helpful to an}' student of the group, or serves to faciliate com- parison of the characters of the various species, it will have fulfilled its purpose. The characterization of the genus has been added for the sake of completeness.
Genus DINOPHILUS.
Minute wormlike forms, generally displaying an external division into segments, delimited bj' constrictions; each trunk segment, includ- ing the head, bearing one or two bands or circlets of long cilia; in addi- tion to these a ciliated strip clothes the ventral surface. The last seg- ment bears a conical caudal appendage. The anterior surface of the head usually provided with sense hairs. Alimentary canal well developed (except in the degenerate males of certain species), consist- ing of a mouth opening on the ventral surface of the head ; an oesophagus provided on its posterior inner surface, where it joins the mouth, wdth an eversible proboscis; a capacious stomach, and a short intestine ter- minating dorsad to the caudal appendage. Coelom represented by the cavities of the gonads. A primary body cavity of varying extent always present. Nervous system consisting of a simple brain, a pair of circumoesophageal commissures, and, continuous with the latter, tw^o ventral cords, embedded in the hypodermis. In some members of the group, at least, are also present transverse commissures and pairs of ganglia correlated with the segments as indicated on the exterior. Nephridia, when present, of the protonephridial or larval type, and arranged metamericall}^
Table of Species of Dinophilus. —
A. — Sexes monomorphic.
B. — Gonads paired, extending to the anterior extremity of the trunk. Two bands of cilia borne b}- each trunk segment. C. — ^Trunk segments 6.
D, — Caudal appendage 3-segmented vorticoides.
DD. — Caudal appendage unsegmented, ... gardineri.
CC. — Trunk segments 5, tceniatus.
BB. — Gonads Y-shaped; only one Ijand of cilia borne on each trunk segment, gigas.
92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,
AA. — Sexes dimorphic, the males much reduced and degenerate in structure; corresponding with this condition is a dimorphism of the ova. Ovary unpaired. Only- one band of cilia borne on each trunk segment, with the exception of the last, which may bear two. B. — Trunk segments 6. C. — Body not covered with a coat of cilia between the bands. D. — Circumanal band present. E. — Cephalic bands without dorsal interruptions; anterior pair of nephridia simple, . . . gyrociliaius.
EE. — Cephalic bands with dorsal interruptions; anterior pair
of nephridia complex, conklini.
DD. — Circumanal band wanting, apatris.
CC. — Body covered with a coat of cilia between the bands,
metameroides. ^ BB. — Trunk segments 5, pygmceus.
List of Species of Dinophilus. —
1. Dinophilus vorticoides.'
Schmidt, 1848.— Sclmltze, 1849.— Diesing, 1850.— Beneden, 1851.— Quatre- fages, 1851.— Beneden, 1861.— Diesing, 1862.— Graff, 1882.— Weldon, 1886.— Harmer, 1889a.— Schimkewitsch, 1895.— Schultz, 1902.
Head equal in width to first trunk segment, bearing two ciliated bands; the first with a dorsal gap (Schimkewitsch), the second uninter- rupted. Ovaries four-lobed. Color, orange. Length, (?). Habitat^ Faroe Islands (Schmidt), Belgian coast (Beneden), White Sea (Mer- eschkowsky, Schimkewitsch).
2. Dinophilus gardineri.
Moore, 1899.— Schultz, 1902. Head not wider than first trunk segment, bearing two ciliated bands(?). Body covered with a coat of cilia in addition to the ciliated bands. Caudal appendage short. Color, orange red. Habitat,